When people hear the name "diabetes", they usually think about diabetes Diabetes - threatening and incurable disease . This is a condition where blood sugar levels Blood sugar - one of the main indicators of human health   constantly upgraded. In fact, "diabetes" - a general term for conditions that cause increased urination. For diabetes insipidus characterized by excessive thirst and copious. Cause of the disease - a problem with a particular hormone or its receptor. Diabetes insipidus increases the risk of dehydration. What is a rare and "uncomfortable" disease?

What is diabetes insipidus?

Diabetes insipidus occur due to problems with the so-called antidiuretic hormone or its receptor. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced of the brain called the "hypothalamus" and stored in the pituitary. Release of ADH causes the kidneys begin to retain water and becomes more concentrated urine.

Usually when we are thirsty or a slight dehydration, the level of ADH in the blood rises. Kidney resorbed more water and more concentrated urine output. On the other hand, if we gulp drink two liters of water (do not try this at home), ADH levels fall. Urine will be light and diluted.

Diabetes insipidus can be caused by one of two problems related to ADH. One reason: too little ADH is produced, in this case, the condition is called central diabetes insipidus. Another reason: ADH is produced is sufficient, but the kidneys are unable to respond to the hormone. This renal diabetes insipidus.

Regardless of the form of the disease, the result is always the same. The kidneys can not do their job and hold water. Even when sick diabetes insipidus is suffering from dehydration, kidney will still excrete large amounts of dilute urine.

The inability of the kidneys to retain water gives rise to the symptoms of diabetes insipidus:

• Hyperdipsia
• Increased urination (polyuria)
• In some people, these symptoms adopt such dimensions, that the body is dehydrated.

The large loss of fluids can also cause electrolyte imbalance. Symptoms of this disorder include:

• Unexplained weakness
• Drowsiness
• Muscle aches
• Irritability

But why "insipidus"? The urine of people with this form of diabetes, tasteless. Can you not believe, but once upon a time doctors tried the taste of urine, to determine the type of the disease. Unlike diabetes, wherein the urine becomes a sweet taste, diabetes insipidus urine similar to fresh water.

How to diagnose diabetes insipidus?

People suffering from this disorder often go to the doctor because they are concerned about symptoms such as increased thirst and urination.

For the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus in a few hours taking serial blood and urine samples. During this time the patient can not drink anything, and the body is experiencing gradually increasing dehydration. After the allotted time is determined by the concentration of sodium in the blood and urine.

After that, the patient is administered a substitute for ADH to verify if it kidneys, making the urine more concentrated. Diagnosis is based on laboratory parameters and response to ADH.

According to statistics, thyroid disease Thyroid disease - women at risk   are second after diabetes. Quite often such a thyroid disease as a cyst. Thyroid cysts occupy 3-5% of all tumors. Thyroid cyst is usually asymptomatic and is a diagnostic finding during routine inspections or examinations for other reasons. Most thyroid cysts detected in women. Thyroid cysts rarely ozlokachestvlyayutsya, but patients should be mandatory with the presence of the disease observed at the endocrinologist.

What is the thyroid gland cyst

Thyroid cyst is a node, which is filled with liquid contents (mostly hemorrhagic). True cyst thyroid develops rarely, usually this pathology is a consequence of other diseases. There may be both single and multiple cysts of the thyroid gland.

Causes

Causes of thyroid cysts varied. The most common reasons include:

• lack of iodine in the body;
• thyroiditis (an excess of thyroid hormones);
• effects on the thyroid harmful factors (paints, varnishes);
• impaired environment;
• thyroid injury (stroke or compression);
• genetic predisposition;
• congenital or acquired factors that influence the development of thyroid cancer.

The mechanism of formation of the thyroid gland cyst

Grossly thyroid psevdodolkami formed which consist of follicles (vesicles or acini). Follicles are covered inside thyroid cells and have a protein substance - colloid composed of precursors of thyroid hormones Thyroid hormones: mechanism of action and physiological effects . In addition, outside follicles surrounded expressed vasculature. Due to the impaired outflow of the contents of follicles it accumulates excess liquid which increases the size of the follicles and the result is a thyroid cyst.

Furthermore, various microbleeds (e.g., trauma thyroid), dystrophic follicular hyperplasia and often also a factor of the thyroid gland cysts. Normally, the thyroid gland cyst does not affect its function and hormonopoietic is benign. Often the cyst occurs when the thyroid gland its other pathologies. Malignancy of the thyroid gland cyst occurs when the rapid increase in its size.

Stages of development of the thyroid gland cyst in the presence of nodes in the body:

• hypo- or anechoic node (in this case there is a complete destruction of the tissue site, then it is filled with fluid and damaged cells, resulting in a cyst thyroid gland);
• stage resorption of liquid contained in the cyst of the thyroid gland;
• stage scarring of the thyroid gland cyst.

The process of reincarnation of nodes in the thyroid gland cyst takes a lot of time. In many respects it depends on the body's defenses, on thyroid function and the presence of comorbidities. In the treatment of thyroid cysts The thyroid gland cyst: the treatment depending on the size   in order to accelerate its scarring often spend her sclerotization.

Examination

Examination of the presence of cysts thyroid is as follows:

• palpation of the thyroid gland and certain pathological formation (cyst must be differentiated from other diseases);
• ultrasound of the thyroid gland (the definition of its size and structure, identification of other disorders: goiter, adenoma, and others);
• puncture the cyst thyroid fine needle (the contents of the cyst undergoes cyto-histological examination);
• detection with puncture thyroid Puncture of thyroid - diagnostic possibilities of the method   malignancy or festering cysts (in the case of an abscess pus obtained);
• determine the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, T4, T3);
• scintigraphy or thyroid scan using radioactive iodine preparations (I-123, I-131);
• Computed tomography (if more education in the thyroid gland);
• pneumography thyroid gland);
• Angiography (vascular network detection of damage);
• X-ray of the trachea.

Anna Sozinova