In modern conditions the problem of infectious diseases remains significant, despite the advances in the health care system as a whole. It is fully possible to include such diseases as tuberculosis Tuberculosis - a full recovery is not guaranteed Since to date the prevalence of tuberculosis is not reduced. According to statistics on the globe are infected up to one third of the population. The incubation period of tuberculosis a few months, so it is important at the stage of human contact with the agent to take the necessary preventive measures in a timely manner.

When the first signs of the disease

TB is a dangerous infectious disease, with clinical symptoms appear only after the completion of the incubation period. The pathogen is transmitted from an infected person by airborne droplets. From the time when the body gets pathogen (or tubercle bacillus) and the first signs of the disease, it can take from three to twelve weeks, and sometimes for several years. It depends on the state of the immune system The immune system - how it works?   human.

If the immune forces are weakened, the body copes well with Mycobacterium, ie immune cells destroy the pathogen. In such a situation it can not develop the disease, and the pathogenic bacteria residues are completely removed from the body. If you have a chronic illness, comorbidities, and other aggravating circumstances created favorable conditions for the development of mycobacteria in the body that leads to expanded clinical disease. Throughout the incubation period, there is an active multiplication of the pathogen that has entered the body, so how would the activation of the immune system, and at what rate will accumulate microbial population develops a particular clinical variant of the disease.

A feature of the incubation period can be called the absence of characteristic clinical signs. Only after completion of the first symptoms of tuberculosis Symptoms of TB - how to recognize the disease . Often these symptoms resemble symptoms of a cold or a viral disease that makes it difficult to timely diagnosis and treatment.

What can affect the susceptibility to infections

The susceptibility to the effects of the causative agent of tuberculosis is quite high. The most susceptible to this disease the following categories:

• Children under the age of two or three years and adolescents
• seniors (60 years and older)

Have any immunodeficiency state will contribute to the development of the disease. The weakening of the immune system occurs when a person suffers from long-term chronic diseases, as well as on the background of colds or respiratory infections in the use of hormonal drugs Hormonal treatments - not only contraceptives   and due to other causes (influences lifestyle, alcohol and tobacco).

The duration of the incubation period is determined by how long the agent comes into contact with, and what has been received by the body dose or concentration of mycobacteria. Prolonged exposure to the pathogen in a high concentration of the clinical picture may develop more quickly, respectively, the length of the incubation period decreases.

At the stage of the incubation period, a person becomes a carrier of latent infection itself without knowing it. Well-known methods of laboratory diagnostics become positive when the disease moves in the stage of clinical manifestations. In this respect, the most valuable gain preventive measures that allow many times to reduce the risk of a particular infection.

The incubation period for various forms of TB

It is known that most pathological changes are found in tuberculosis in the lungs (pulmonary TB localization). Consideration should be given the opportunity to extrapulmonary infection. If you compare the incubation period for TB extrapulmonary, it is noted an increase in its duration. This is due to the peculiarities of the immunological response.

Longer incubation period is the reason that the first morphological changes develop primarily in the lungs, lymph nodes, and further spread of the pathogen occurs with the involvement of other organs. At the first meeting of the body with the causative agent of tuberculosis immune system does not have a clue about tuberculosis infection. For this reason, mycobacteria without obstacles penetrate and spread through the body. When the immune response matures, it appears that its formation can not be the same and does not occur simultaneously in different organs.

The most robust immune response generated in pulmonary tuberculosis in comparison with other authorities, as they do not form a strong immune connection, and there is a strong immunological memory. For this reason, in practice, you can meet with a situation where for the bodies, which are much less affected with tuberculosis incubation period exceeds eight weeks or more.

The high tendency of TB infection to early disseminirovaniyu that is spreading through the lymphatic system. In most cases, this situation is typical of childhood, as children develop immunity immediately, is imperfect. Throughout the incubation period of TB immunity missing. Given the existence of this particularly important time to see a doctor at the first sign of trouble when a child or a person older age group begins to complain. Independently identify that person is in the incubation period, it is impossible.

Marina Solovyov

NSAIDs - is essential drugs for certain diseases accompanied by constant pain. Apply these drugs and as an antipyretic agent. Drugs in this group produced a lot, but often this is ibuprofen under different names.

The mechanism of action of ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effect. Its mechanism of action is associated with inhibition of the activity of certain enzymes involved in the formation of precursors of prostaglandins (Prostaglandins namely - the main cause inflammatory reactions, which in turn cause pain and fever). The analgesic effect is most pronounced in the inflammatory pain: removing inflammation in tissues, ibuprofen also reduce morning stiffness, increases range of motion in the joints. In addition, ibuprofen inhibits the formation of blood clots in blood vessels.

When administered ibuprofen completely absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and into the blood stream. If the drug is taken with a meal, the rate of its absorption decreases. Ibuprofen is decomposed in the liver, and then excreted in urine (main part) and feces in the form of metabolic products.

Indications and contraindications for the use of ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is prescribed in the following cases:

• metabolic and inflammatory diseases of the joints (including rheumatic and rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis);
• for pain and inflammation of the joints on the background of gout, psoriasis;
• pain in the spine in patients with Bechterew's disease;
• in inflammation of the soft tissues, muscles, ligaments, tendons and bones on a background of injuries;
• pain in the muscles, joints and along the nerve trunks against various chronic inflammatory diseases (chronic tonsillitis, sinusitis, inflammation of female genital mutilation);
• when severe pain during menstruation (algodismenoree), headache, toothache Toothache - itself does not take place ;
• at high temperature as an antipyretic agent.

Contraindications Ibuprofen are:

• gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer;
• ulcerative colitis;
• any acute gastrointestinal disease, accompanied by a violation of the integrity of its mucosa;
• diseases of the optic nerve;
• intolerance, polypoid rhinosinusitis (runny nose) and asthma (aspirin triad);
• blood diseases;
• severe renal dysfunction or liver;
• pregnancy (especially the last few months);
• Hypersensitivity to ibuprofen;
• with topical ointments and creams with ibuprofen is not used on damaged skin.

Ibuprofen is used with caution during breast Breastfeeding - a personal choice   feeding, as it in certain amounts excreted in breast milk. But indications it can be used in small doses and strictly on prescription. If small doses do not help or require long-term use of ibuprofen, breast-feeding is usually stopped.

Also with caution ibupofen prescribed for various diseases of liver, kidney and heart disorders, against diarrhea and other acute disorders of the gastrointestinal tract directly after the surgery, the tendency to bleed. During the course of treatment iburofenom necessary to monitor the work of the liver and kidneys, as well as the state of the blood coagulation system.

Side effects that may occur when ibuprofen

When ibuprofen may experience the following side effects:

• on the part of the gastrointestinal tract: violation of appetite, nausea, vomiting, discomfort and abdominal pain Abdominal pain: Types and Symptoms Diarrhea; may impair the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract with the formation of ulcers and erosions;
• of the liver and biliary tract: long-term use may be a violation of the liver;
• From the nervous system: headache, dizziness, insomnia or daytime sleepiness, agitation, visual disturbances;
• on the part of the hemopoietic system: anemia (a decrease in red blood cells and reduction of hemoglobin in them), thrombocytopenia (decrease in the number of platelets, which causes increased bleeding), agranulocytosis (decrease in the number of granular white blood cells and a sharp decline in immunity - the person becomes vulnerable to infections);
• by the kidneys: long-term use may be a violation of the kidneys;
• allergic reactions in the form of various skin rashes, angioedema; Sometimes (for example, aspirin triad) - bronchial asthma; patients with autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis) can begin aseptic (without the presence of infections), meningitis Meningitis - an inflammation of the meninges   (inflammation of the meninges);
• when used topically it may be redness and swelling of the skin, accompanied by itching and burning.

Ibuprofen - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is widely used, but, nevertheless, gives a lot of side effects, and therefore, requires strictly on prescription.

Galina Romanenko