The mechanism of action augmentitna

Augmentin - combined broad-spectrum antibiotic, resistant to enzymes of some bacteria. The structure consists of a semisynthetic antibiotic augmentin penicillin broad spectrum amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, the problem is to prevent the destruction of amoxicillin enzymes (beta-lactamases) that produce some bacteria.

Sensitive to amoxicillin many pathogens, but it is inactive (as well as other antibiotics penicillin) against bacteria that produce beta-lactamase.

Augmentin effectively on many gram-positive and gram-negative (they differ from each other in degree of coloration and the thickness of the cell membrane) organisms, including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Escherichia coli and other bacteria, including those resistant to penicillin antibiotics.

Tablets augmentin readily soluble in the gut and enter the bloodstream quickly. This absorption of the drug is better, if it is used before meals. With bloodstream Augmentin comes in various organs and tissues of the body, providing an antimicrobial effect. The antibiotic may cross the placenta to the fetus (negative effects on the fetus have been identified) and stand out from the milk of nursing mothers, while in addition to the risk of allergy, harmful effects on the child have been identified. Amoxicillin is deduced with urine, clavulanic acid after the collapse - with the feces and urine.

Application augmentin show a variety of infections caused by microorganisms sensitive to it:

• upper respiratory tract infections and upper respiratory tract;
• bronchial infections, lung and pleura, both acute and chronic;
• infections of the urinary tract;
• infectious and inflammatory diseases of female genital organs, including chronic;
• infections of soft tissue, including the skin, mucous membranes;
• infections of the musculoskeletal system (bones, joints, muscles);
• other infectious and inflammatory diseases spread (eg, sepsis after abortion or childbirth, peritonitis).

Contraindications to the use of augmentin:

• severe liver when used augmentin in the past;
• individual intolerance of components.
• suspected infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis - the illness of students   (amoxicillin can cause skin rashes, like a rash when mononucleosis);
• pregnancy.

Use of the drug augmentin breastfeeding Breast-feeding: feed - and no nails!   contraindicated. When pregnancy is possible appointment augmentin, but strictly on the evidence, so in some cases it causes inflammation of the intestine in the fetus.

Side effects that may occur when receiving augmentin

Shirokospektralnye antibiotics in some cases, cause inflammation of the intestines (colitis). If while taking augmentin you begin diarrhea, especially if it persists for several days, and if the stool blood or pus is present, it is necessary as soon as possible to consult with your doctor.

In rare cases, patients taking Augmentin, during or shortly after treatment is developing such a breach as cholestatic jaundice. For this reason, over the course of treatment, the doctor is required to be screened no less frequently than every 14 days (unless, of course, the treatment lasts that long). This side effect is most common in people older than 65 and in men.

When receiving augmentin side effects are rare and are mostly mild and transient, they may include:

• From hemopoiesis system: decrease in the number of white blood cells (including granular) and platelets, which causes lowered immunity and susceptibility to bleeding;
• Allergic reactions of immediate and delayed type;
• Skin: skin rash;
• the central nervous system: dizziness Dizziness - if the ground is slipping from under his feet , Headache, agitation, rare (only at high doses and renal dysfunction) - cramps.
• from the gastrointestinal tract: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distension (flatulence); discoloration of the enamel (in children receiving augmentin suspension);
• Liver: increase in the number of bile pigments in the blood and skin staining icteric liver inflammation (hepatitis); All changes in the liver reversible;
• by the kidneys and urinary tract: inflammation of the connective bases kidneys (interstitial nephritis), the formation of salt crystals in the urine;
• suppression of intestinal microflora, contributing to the development of candidiasis bowel (intestinal lesions by fungi genus Candida).

Overdose augmentin all causes increased side effects, with the fore nausea, vomiting and diarrhea that lead to a violation of water-salt balance. As treatment is sometimes used blood purification (hemodialysis).

People with disorders of the liver while taking augmentin also requires systematic observation of the doctor.

Augmentin in suspension should be stored in refrigerator (at a temperature of from two to eight degrees). If after seven days after the start of an open packaging still have a certain amount of suspension of her need to get rid of.

Augmentin - a modern effective antibiotic Antibiotics - whether they will help you in the foreseeable future?   with minimal side effects, but it can be used only on prescription.

Treatment of brucellosis

Principles and methods of treatment depend on the form of brucellosis. In the acute form of brucellosis appointed antibiotics in fairly large doses, because insufficient doses of drugs and premature cancellation of further development of the cause of chronic disease course. Appointed as drugs, reduce allergic reactions, restorative treatment in the form of vitamin and mineral complexes and means of restoring immunity.

But still the cornerstone of treatment of brucellosis - antibiotics. Due to the high frequency of relapses recommend taking several antibiotics Antibiotics - whether they will help you in the foreseeable future?   for one course. Most often prescribe doxycycline Doxycycline - penetrates into the tissue cells , Streptomycin, rifampin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Combination of antibiotics are selected depending on how difficult the case, what is the age of the patient, whether pregnancy

Typically, the patient has to take antibiotics for six weeks; early treatment not only relieves the symptoms but also prevents complications. However, with proper treatment of relapses are 5-10% of cases. Depending on severity of the disease recovery takes several weeks to several months.

In rare cases, surgical intervention is required - for example, abscesses and infection of the heart valve.

Antibiotics for chronic forms are not very effective. In such cases, a vaccine therapy, which reduces the allergic reactions and stimulates the immune system Immunity - types and characteristics in children in adults . With the purpose of treatment is used only vaccine with killed pathogens. If it affects the joints and spine are actively using physiotherapy and spa treatment (only without exacerbation).

Bacteria exciting brucellosis, very stubborn, so it is difficult to treat. During the course of treatment is necessary to conduct regular tests to identify the bacteria Brucella is still present in the body. The mortality rate from the disease is relatively low; Most people who have died from brucellosis, died from that bacterium struck the heart valves. Despite the fact that the risk of dying from brucellosis is not large, it should be treated for at least because its symptoms causing significant discomfort and no treatment may persist for a long time.

Prevention of brucellosis

To prevent infection with brucellosis can take a variety of measures. The most important step - is to control the state of health of the animals which may or may already transmit brucellosis. This requires the organized efforts of local organizations involved in health, and major organs that control the health of animals. The most effective measures for this - vaccination programs, surveys of animals and, unfortunately, the destruction of infected animals. Vaccines for human brucellosis at the moment does not exist.

In areas where the vaccination of livestock or destruction of any reason impossible, to take preventive measures to prevent the transmission of disease from animals to humans. These measures include:

• Pasteurization of dairy products
• Failure to use unpasteurized milk products
• Rejection of the use of meat and meat products that have not undergone adequate heat treatment
• The use of barrier precautions (goggles, gloves, masks) to avoid inhalation of bacteria
• Warning laboratory workers about potentially infected specimens that was adopted by the third level of biosecurity

Diagnosis of brucellosis

Because the symptoms of brucellosis resemble flu symptoms or a severe cold, sometimes it takes time to make the correct diagnosis, especially if the patient lives in an area where the disease is rare. So I should immediately tell the doctor where you have traveled recently, and that you normally eat.

You can help the doctor had prepared for him as much information, such as writing on paper answers the following questions:

• When you first developed symptoms?
• Did you eat foods from raw (unpasteurized) milk, such as goat's cheese?
• You went to the regions with a high risk of contracting brucellosis during the last year?
• Do you work or have worked for a year in the lab, where they could be infected with the animals?
• You recently hunted?

After reviewing this information, the doctor will probably check the mobility of your joints, reflexes, muscle strength; manually examine your abdomen to check whether some are not enlarged organs.

The doctor makes a detailed history (there should be, including information on travel, kind of activity, contact with animals). To diagnose brucellosis, also need a blood test and analysis of tissue samples. The blood is tested for the presence of antibodies to the causative bacteria and isolated therefrom bacteria themselves. Biopsy (e.g., bone marrow or liver) helps ensure correct diagnosis. Additional blood tests may reveal anemia, low platelet and white blood cell count, and increased liver function. Sometimes, in cases of suspected Brucellosis also conducted CT scans, MRIs, X-ray examination and / or ultrasound, or electrocardiogram.

As confirmed diagnosis of brucellosis

The diagnosis of brucellosis is confirmed by laboratory and radiological studies. Produce bacteriological examination of the blood content of the bone marrow and lymph nodes to detect pathogens.

Also used a variety of techniques to detect antibodies in the blood of the patient to the causative agents of brucellosis (reaction Wright, Coombs test, ELISA) and to identify the allergic reaction to the pathogen (intradermal test Burne).

To detect complications of brucellosis, you may need:

• X-rays - to find changes in the bones and ligaments.
• Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Using these methods, you can see the inflammation and abscesses in the brain and other body tissues.
• Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid. With this analysis it is possible to identify meningitis Meningitis - an inflammation of the meninges   and encephalitis.
• Echocardiography. Using sound waves, the doctor is the image the patient's heart and can check for signs of infection or damage.