What is rhinitis and its causes

Rhinitis - an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose or a runny nose. Rhinitis are acute and chronic. Ill with acute rhinitis can be infected by a sick person bacterial or viral infection, but you can just catch a cold, and then those bacteria and viruses that live permanently in the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, begin to freely (protection of organism weakened) to multiply, causing inflammation.

Chronic rhinitis arise from frequent undertreated acute rhinitis, with anatomical irregularities of the nose (poor patency of the nasal passages), when exposed to adverse environmental factors (cold damp climate), in some diseases of the cardiovascular system and kidneys that cause congestion with nasal cavity, constipation, alcoholism, etc. There are professional rhinitis in those who deal with the flour, dust, volatile chemicals.

Chronic rhinitis may take the form of bluetongue, hypertrophic and atrophic forms. There are special forms of rhinitis - allergic and vasomotor.

How is acute rhinitis

In acute rhinitis, an inflammation and swelling of the nasal mucosa. Always affects both halves of the nose. During acute rhinitis are three stages.

The first stage is characterized by a sense of tension, nasal itching, sneezing and watery eyes. The duration of this stage from a few hours to two days. There are also a headache Headache: Causes and Complications , Malaise, slight fever.

The second stage begins when the nose there are abundant watery discharge Watery discharge: Signs rules and conditions . This is combined with nasal congestion, difficulty in nasal breathing, nasal, reduced sense of smell.

In the third stage separation become thick, mucopurulent character, their number decreases, but the nasal congestion is still worried.

The total duration of acute rhinitis - 7-10 days.

Acute rhinitis can be complicated by inflammation of the sinuses (eg, sinusitis), nasolacrimal duct, middle ear, pharynx, larynx, bronchi and lungs.

Chronic catarrhal rhinitis

In this form of rhinitis is thickened and inflamed nasal mucosa, and prolonged course of the disease, the process involved and deeply lying tissue up to the periosteum and bone.

Difficulty in nasal breathing and nasal discharge (mucus, in small amounts) are expressed not sharply appear periodically. Over kept constant nasal congestion, most often on one side (side may vary). There is a violation of smell.

Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis

Hypertrophic rhinitis - is accrementition glands and mucosa of the nasal cavity. Symptoms of rhinitis are the same as in catarrhal, but nasal congestion and copious have a more permanent character. In order to distinguish this from the catarrhal rhinitis, nasal mucosa smeared vasoconstrictor agents (such as ephedrine), with catarrhal rhinitis swelling subsides, when hypertrophic - no.

Chronic atrophic rhinitis

Chronic atrophic rhinitis occurs against the backdrop of shrinkage (atrophy) of the nasal mucosa, and sometimes even the skeleton. Patients complain of dryness and nasal congestion, decreased or absent sense of smell. The nasal cavity with the extended dry mucous membrane covered with thick crusts and muco-purulent discharge.

Vasomotor rhinitis

Vasomotor rhinitis occurs in patients with signs of permanent disorders of the autonomic nervous system, which innervates internal organs and blood vessels. At the same time the slightest irritation of the nerve endings of the nasal mucosa or remote areas related to the nasal cavity reflex (pungent smell, cooling, etc.) causes a sudden attack of a stuffy nose with sneezing, watery eyes, and profuse watery discharge.

Nasal allergy

Allergic rhinitis can occur through inhalation of dust, pollen or any other allergen enters the body through the nasal mucosa. In response to the introduction of the allergen responsible an allergic reaction of the body as a rapid swelling Prevention and treatment of edema - it is important to understand the root cause   nasal mucosa, repeated sneezing, itching and a heavy liquid discharge.

Treatment of rhinitis

Treatment of acute rhinitis is bed rest, fluids and the use of vasoconstrictor nose drops Vasoconstrictor nose drops - use with caution!   (eg naftizina) - they reduce nasal congestion. Well relieve swelling of the nasal mucosa hot foot bath.

In chronic rhinitis treatment is aimed at eliminating the causes of the disease: provide treatment of chronic diseases of internal organs, alcohol, eliminate sources of irritation of the nasal mucosa in occupational rhinitis, etc. At catarrhal rhinitis is the treatment that reduces swelling of the nasal mucosa, with hypertrophic - cauterization overgrown mucosa in atrophic - eliminating dryness and crusts in the nasal cavity.

Vasomotor and allergic rhinitis require treatment of the underlying disease that caused them (vegetative-vascular dystonia or allergies).

  Galina Romanenko

Adrenaline and adrenostimuliruyuschee drugs

Adrenaline was opened in the late 19th century and early in the 20th century began to be used in medicine for high blood pressure, local narrowing of blood vessels and stop the bleeding, and then for relief of asthma attacks.

It has been found that adrenaline has the same effect as the stimulation of the sympathetic nerve fibers (sympathetic nervous system is activated mainly in emergency situations), so assumed that he is a mediator (transmitter) nervous excitation of sympathetic nerve endings in the tissue cells of various organs (adrenergic receptors). Eventually, it became clear that adrenergic receptors may be different, isolated alpha and beta-receptors, the effects of mediators which cause a variety of effects. For each of these receptors have been thought up his drugs that increase their activity, they are called alpha and beta agonists.

Naphthyzinum - alpha-agonists

Naphthyzinum (international nonproprietary name - naphazoline) is an alpha-agonists with strong vasoconstrictor properties .  It provides a fast, intense and prolonged vasoconstrictor action against the vessels of the mucous membranes (reduces swelling, redness, and amount of bleeding) .  Facilitates nasal breathing in rhinitis due to the fact that the reduced blood flow, stops swelling of the mucosa and mucus .  As a result, free space in the nasal cavity increases restored nasal breathing .  But at the end of the term of the vasoconstrictor drops, blood vessels dilate again, and stronger than before the application of drops .  But the systematic use of the vessels drops even lose the ability to independently maintain the right tone and are extended until they receive a dose of vasoconstrictor drugs .  Thus, the abolition of vasoconstrictor drops becomes an independent cause of runny nose and nasal congestion .  Therefore Naphthyzinum not recommended for more than 5-7 days .

Indications for use naftizina

Since Naphthyzinum has vasoconstrictor and decongestant effect, it is used for:

• acute rhinitis;
• allergic rhinitis;
• inflammation of the sinuses (including the sinus);
• inflammation of the larynx (laryngitis);
• laryngeal edema allergic nature;
• swelling and redness of the mucous membrane after operations on the upper respiratory tract;
• chronic conjunctivitis;
• nosebleeds;
• a study of the nasal cavity.

Contraindications for use naftizina

Contraindications for use naftizina are:

• Hypersensitivity to the drug;
• high blood pressure (Naphthyzinum narrows blood vessels, and therefore raises blood pressure);
• expressed atherosclerosis of the blood vessels;
• increased thyroid function The thyroid gland - is responsible for your hormones   (in this state, the influence of the sympathetic nervous system and acts like Naphthyzinum);
• children's age (up to 1 year);
• chronic rhinitis (Naphthyzinum "works" is not more than a week);
• severe eye disease and diabetes Diabetes - threatening and incurable disease   (narrowing of the blood vessels in these diseases will not go to the benefit of the body).

Side effects that may occur when using naftizina

Agonists - these are active drugs, they should be used with caution, as they can cause a number of unpleasant effects such as nausea, palpitations, headache, increased blood pressure Blood pressure - dangerous if his swing? Redness, swelling and irritation of the nasal mucosa. If you apply Naphthyzinum more than a week, there may be atrophy (shrinking) of the nasal mucosa. In overdose naftizina possible decrease in body temperature, increased blood pressure.

How to apply Naphthyzinum

Produced Naphthyzinum as nasal drops and nasal sprays dosage.

In otorhinolaryngology Naphthyzinum used in the form of drops: in each nostril adults appoint 1-3 drops of 0, 05-0, 1% solution 3-4 times a day; children 1 to 6 years - 0 05 - 0 025% aqueous solution (diluted if 0, 05% solution in distilled water at the rate of 1: 1, we get 0 025% solution) 1-2 drops of 6 to 15 - 2 drops, 1-3 times per day. If nosebleeds are introduced into the nasal cavity swabs How to use sanitary pad - basic precautions Soaked in 0, 05% solution naftizina.

For diagnostic purposes - after cleaning the nose into each nasal passage to drip 3-4 drops of 0, 1% solution naftizina.

In ophthalmology: 0 1-2 drops, 05% solution in cavity conjunctiva 1-3 times per day.