Treatment of sinusitis should be aimed at reducing the duration of illness, prevention of complications and destroy microorganisms that cause inflammation of the sinuses. Antibiotics - those pills sinusitis who are coping with these problems.

When antibiotics are needed in the sinus

Antibiotic therapy is prescribed not all patients sinusitis Sinusitis - when a puncture is required But only with moderate and severe forms of the disease. In order to determine whether these drugs to a patient, the doctor assesses its general condition and complaints, conditions and duration of sinusitis, as well as examining the nasal passages.

Acute sinusitis is better to treat with antibiotics than chronic. If the sinuses there is pus, the effectiveness of these drugs will be less.

Penicillin

Amoxicillin - a drug that is often chosen in the treatment of sinusitis Sinusitis - the treatment may only be carried out under the supervision of a physician . It relates to semisynthetic penicillins and is active against many bacteria. However, some strains of microorganisms produce penicillinase (enzyme that destroys these antibiotics), and thus they are resistant to amoxicillin.

If three days after the start of treatment the patient does not feel better, you should start using another antibiotic. In this case, prescribers, which include amoxicillin and clavulanic acid:

• Femoklav Soljutab;
• Amoxiclav Kviktab;
• Augmentin.

Clavulanic acid binds with penicillinase as a result of the interaction of the enzyme loses its activity is not destroyed, and amoxicillin. Clavulanic acid also has an independent antibacterial activity.

Macrolides

Macrolides - drugs that are prescribed to patients intolerant of antibiotics penicillin. Sumamed and macrofoams - members of this group.

Macropen (midecamycin) suppresses the formation of protein in bacterial cells. In small doses, it inhibits the reproduction of microorganisms, and in large - destroys them. The drug is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment and in case of hypersensitivity to it. Precautions macrofoams used during pregnancy and in patients who in the past had an allergic reaction to acetylsalicylic acid.

Sumamed (azithromycin) - an antibiotic which has a broad spectrum of activity (impact on the livelihoods of many microorganisms). It has bacteriostatic action, that is, helps stop the breeding of germs. Sumamed not used in people with severely impaired kidney and liver function, during lactation, and in case of hypersensitivity to macrolide antibiotics. The drug should not be taken simultaneously with ergotamine and dihydroergotamine.

Fluoroquinolones

The drugs in this group are assigned to those patients who have the first course of antibiotic therapy was unsuccessful. Levofloxacin and moxifloxacin - fluoroquinolones, which are used to treat sinusitis.

Levofloxacin violates the formation of DNA of bacteria, causes significant changes in their cell wall and cytoplasm, and the microbes die from it. The drug is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to any fluoroquinolone, epilepsy Epilepsy - a sacred disease , Pregnancy and lactation. Due to the high probability of decline in renal function elderly people should take levofloxacin under the supervision of a physician.

Moxifloxacin has the same mechanism of action and contraindications. This antibiotic should be used with caution in central nervous system diseases which predispose to occurrence of seizures, with severe liver failure, low concentration of potassium ions in the blood and bradycardia Bradycardia - when the heart stops .

Fluoroquinolones are not applicable in children and adolescents, as they adversely affect the growth of cartilage and connective tissue. Therefore, such patients received macrolides.

Antibiotics - the mainstay of treatment of sinusitis. But these drugs should not be used on their own, without consulting a doctor. The doctor must inform about other existing diseases and medications that the patient is taking.

  Pharyngitis - an inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa, which is accompanied by pain, discomfort or a tickling in the throat. That throat is the most common reason for treatment to the otolaryngologist. The characteristic symptom of pharyngitis - sore throat and difficulty swallowing - is often mistaken for a manifestation of other diseases, such as influenza or the common cold, but treatment with antibiotics for sore throat does not work (if the disease is not caused by an infection). Pharyngitis can be very painful, but most cases takes place without complications in about a week.

The symptoms of pharyngitis

The symptoms of pharyngitis may be different, depending on the underlying disease.

• Pharyngitis colds
• Sneezing;
• Cough;
• Fever;
• Mild headache;
• Pharyngitis the flu
• Fatigue and apathy;
• Soreness in the whole body;
• Chills;
• Very high temperature;
• Pharyngitis when mononucleosis
• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck and armpits;
• Swollen glands Tonsils - whether to delete them? ;
• Headache;
• Loss of appetite;
• Enlargement of the spleen;
• Inflammation of the liver.

Causes of pharyngitis

The most common pharyngitis caused by inhalation of cold or polluted air, the influence of chemical irritation (tobacco). Pharyngitis Infection may be caused by various microbes (streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci), as well as viruses (influenza, adenoviruses) and fungi (Candida). Pharyngitis often develops as a result of infection from any source of inflammation adjacent to the throat. So developing sinusitis pharyngitis, rhinitis, tooth decay More about caries - take care of your teeth until it's too late   teeth.

Risk factors

Risk factors contributing to the development of pharyngitis include:

• cold season (autumn-winter);
• anatomical features of the structure of the mucous membrane of the pharynx and the gastrointestinal tract;
• prolonged exposure to exogenous factors (dust, hot or dry air is filled with smoke, chemicals);
• contact with the sick person;
• shortness of nasal breathing (breathing through the mouth);
• smoking and alcohol abuse;
• allergies;
• endocrine disorders (menopause, hypothyroidism);
• A vitamin deficiency;
• diabetes Diabetes - threatening and incurable disease , Cardiac, pulmonary and renal failure.

Diagnosis pharyngitis

The doctor will measure the temperature and inspect the throat, sinuses, ears, nose, neck, and felt the lymph nodes, which may indicate an increase in the inflammation of the throat, listens to breathing. In some cases, conducted bacteriological and virological (take a swab from the throat). To test for mononucleosis blood test.

Treatment of pharyngitis

In most cases, if the sore throat is not accompanied by the general state of disorder, rather symptomatic treatment, including a sparing diet, hot foot bath, hot compress on the front of the neck, milk and honey, steam inhalation and gargling. If the doctor suspects that the sore throat is caused by bacteria, he may prescribe treatment with antibiotics (penicillin, erythromycin), but antibiotics do not treat viral infections, so they should be approached with caution. If the sore throat is a viral etiology, drugs from him there - it goes by itself. To relieve the symptoms of prescribed non-prescription pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin). Children under 18 should not take aspirin because of the risk of rare but serious liver disease (Reye's syndrome).

Home Treatment

• Recreation;
• Drinking plenty of fluids (water or warm tea and broth, not carbonated drinks);
• Quitting smoking and alcohol;
• Gargling with saline (1/2 tablespoon of salt dissolved in a glass of warm water);
• Lollipops from the throat (contraindicated in children younger than 3 years);
• Probiotics - the so-called "good" bacteria or probiotics help prevent intestinal infections and colds.

Complications of pharyngitis

Pharyngitis usually passes within a week without treatment. If the sore throat lasts more than a week if a fever, enlarged lymph nodes, or rash, you should seek medical advice. Fever, swollen lymph glands, or a rash may indicate strep throat or its complications, such as rheumatic fever. Complications of pharyngitis also include:

• scarlet fever (high temperature and is accompanied by a specific rash);
• rheumatism Rheumatic fever - are possible complications of heart   (inflammation of the joints or damage to the heart valves);
• glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys);
• getting an infection in the blood;
• shock;
• stop breathing, especially in children.

Prevention pharyngitis

• Avoid close contact with people with SARS, flu, mononucleosis or infectious diseases; Do not use them with common utensils and hygiene items;
• Wash your hands often with soap and water;
• Tempers the body and increases the body's defenses;
• Eliminate harmful factors (smoking, alcohol);
• To increase the humidity using a humidifier.