Oxalates in the urine of a child may be the result of congenital or acquired pathology. And in fact, and in another case, the child should be carefully examined to determine the cause of the disease and, if possible, to eliminate it. The child, who was found oxaluria requires special medical supervision.

Oxalate in the urine of the child - the causes of

Oxalate or oxalic salt (mainly calcium oxalate) formed in the body as a result of metabolic processes, and only a small part of them into the blood from the intestine from food. Derived oxalate in the urine through the kidneys. At elevated levels of oxalate in the urine (oxaluria) are first deposited in the kidneys in the form of crystals, sand, and then in the form of rocks of various sizes and shapes. This in turn leads to impaired renal function.

Thus, oxalates in the urine of infants, the most likely consequence of inherited genetic diseases oxalosis associated with disturbed metabolism of oxalic acid due to the absence or lack of synthesis of the necessary enzymes. This oxaluria called the primary and differs rapid progression of the disease and the development of kidney stones and chronic kidney failure.

Secondary oxaluria develops against the background of some other diseases. But very often the basis of secondary oxaluria is an innate predisposition to diseases of this kind. It is expressed in the peculiarities of metabolism, which under certain circumstances lead to a breach of the exchange of oxalate.

By diseases, contributing to the development of secondary oxaluria include a variety of diseases of the digestive system. They lead to the disruption of the process of destruction and excretion of oxalate received food in the intestines. This results in absorption into the blood increased amounts of oxalate, and then to their renal excretion. For example, the oxalate in the urine Oxalate in the urine - the risk of kidney stones   the child may appear in the overgrowth, particularly in low content of lactic acid bacteria in the intestines.

In older children can be oxaluria cause any chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas. Chronic pyelonephritis may also lead to the development of the child oxaluria. And it will make progress against this disease. The reason may be as diabetes Diabetes - threatening and incurable disease It is causing a variety of metabolic disorders.

Urinary oxalate in infants may appear on the background of an overdose of vitamin D in the treatment or prevention of rickets. Oxaluria older children may be due to deficiency of magnesium or potassium, and vitamin deficiencies B6, A and E.

The main manifestations

In most cases, oxaluria children first does not manifest. Children with underlying medical conditions may be complaints of abdominal pain Abdominal pain: Types and Symptoms , Urination disorders (frequent or painful contrast, urinary retention), seizures, renal colic, and sometimes signs of the musculoskeletal system (oxalate crystals deposited in the joints). Sometimes oxaluria may be associated with allergic diseases of the skin and upper respiratory tract.

But most of oxalate in the urine of a child identified with the study of random urine on another occasion. Detection of oxalate in a urine sample is usually nothing to say, it may be transient, involving, for example, with the use of a large number of berries.

For the diagnosis of the child make a few general urine and daily urine test for oxalates. In general urinalysis pay attention to the presence of red blood cells (evidence of injury to the urinary tract walls with sand or stone), white blood cells, cylinders, trace protein (indicate the presence of infectious-inflammatory process in the kidneys).

Daily analysis of urine oxalate allows you to set the amount of oxalate excreted in the urine a day. Oxalate in the urine of the child shall be a cause for further investigation: renal ultrasound, radiography of the kidneys and urinary tract, and so on.

What if oxalates found in the urine of the child

After the survey is assigned to the child care. In most cases, if revealed oxalate in the urine of the child, rather dieting and destination of drugs, accelerating the process of removing oxalate from the intestines, coming from the food.

Limited to foods containing 0, 3 and 1 g per kg oxalates, including beans, lentils, carrots, tomato, corn, onion, strawberries, gooseberries, beef, chicken, jelly, gooseberry, liver, cod, butter .

Drug treatment: vitamin B6, medicaments containing magnesium and potassium. When Vitamin A deficiency and E vitamin therapy is prescribed. If you detect infectious and inflammatory diseases of the kidneys, is also assigned to the appropriate treatment.

Oxalate in the urine of the child require further examination and appropriate treatment.

Galina Romanenko

Cancer - a malignant tumor, the cells of which are formed by cell mutation surface layers (epithelium) of the skin or mucous membranes. Unfortunately, cancer sometimes develops in childhood. One of the rarest forms of cancer is breast cancer in children.

The frequency of and the peculiarities of breast cancer in childhood

Pediatric cancer, malignant tumor that is based on the epithelium, is much rarer than in adults. Much more common in this age of developing sarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from connective tissue. However, there are exceptions. Most children in developing thyroid cancer Thyroid cancer: it is curable Liver and nasopharynx.

Breast cancer in children - it is a very rare condition (0, 046% of all malignant tumors in childhood), which occurs more frequently in adolescents after 12 years.

The peculiarity of the current childhood cancer it is not a malignant course. However, for example, in breast cancer in children will appear metastases in the lymph nodes. But metastases to distant organs in children with breast cancer gives much later than in adults.

In addition, when any site of cancer, including breast cancer, symptoms first appear general disease (changes from the whole organism), and only then the change of tumor formation at the site. In adults, the opposite is true: in the beginning there are local (local), and then the overall change.

A feature of cancer in children is the fact that in its histological structure of tumor cells are highly differentiated, that is not too different from the tissue from which they were formed. This is a favorable prognostic sign so such cells are not rapidly penetrate into surrounding tissues and metastasize Metastasis - danger everywhere .

The most common breast cancer in children manifests itself in adolescence in girls (but maybe boys) as a result of hormonal changes in the body of the child. Contributing factors are genetic predisposition (breast cancer in close relatives), high emotional stress, stress, early onset of smoking and drinking.

Breast cancer in children occurs more benign than in adults. One reason for such a trend (except for relatively benign histological structure of the tumor) is that in a small breast child or young person to better identify tumors at early stages. This leads to better child survival in breast cancer (breast cancer).

Breast cancer in children - the first signs

Breast cancer in children may first manifest itself in the form of the common symptoms: fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low-grade fever. The cause of these phenomena - a violation of cellular metabolism Metabolism: The basis of life of all living things   in the body of the child.

After some time in the breast of the child may appear small nodule. Since breast tissue a child has a small volume, easy to knot can be felt, even if it is very small (up to 1 cm in diameter). It can detect breast in children in the early stages.

However, during adolescence in girls is the breast and large enough, making it difficult to identify cancer in its early stages. If a small tumor was not detected in a timely manner, then after a while it can metastasize to nearby (usually axillary, but sometimes other) lymph nodes. With the growth of cancerous tumor on her skin may change - it swells and takes the form of orange peel, wrinkled, or retracted. From the nipple sometimes appear spotting Spotting - it is important to rule out pathology .

Some types of breast cancer among children in the skin of the breast appear erosion, ulcers, accompanied by weeping, flakes and dried crust. Externally these changes resemble eczema. It is very rare and usually older girls show signs of inflammatory forms of breast cancer that occurs in the form of mastitis, but this is a sign of advanced disease. Metastases to distant organs in breast cancer in children is rare, later than in adults, and only in severe cases.

Diagnosis and treatment

Detection of breast cancer in children with a small amount of breast usually is not difficult. The tumor is detected by palpation, and then held her biopsy under the control of the ultrasonic beam their laboratory study of tumor cells. For large mammary glands in girls teenagers carried a full range of research, the same as for adult women.

Treatment of breast cancer in children is assigned individually and depends on the stage in which the disease was revealed. The most common surgical treatment of the tumor is performed.

Galina Romanenko