What is a semi-synthetic penicillins

The very first antibiotic was penicillin, which produced the same name fungi. Once the formula has been fully investigated penicillin, he tried to get an artificial way, but it turned out that it is too difficult and expensive. Therefore we began to modify the natural penicillins, by slightly altering the chemical formula giving them certain properties. These semi-synthetic penicillins have been named, they kill him sensitive to pathogens (bactericidal activity) by disrupting the synthesis of cell wall components.

Semisynthetic penicillin, amoxicillin

Amoxicillin - a semisynthetic penicillin - a broad spectrum antibiotic. Amoxicillin kills pathogens, disrupting the structure of cell walls of bacteria. It is active against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms (Gram-positive bacteria have a dense capsule than a gram, so keep the paint in the Gram staining), such as some types of streptococci, staphylococci, Helicobacter pylori (the pathogen that can cause stomach ulcers and duodenal ulcers) and others. Less than amoxicillin is active against E. coli, Salmonella and Vibrio cholera. Not active against microorganisms which produce some types of enzymes.

After oral amoxicillin rapidly absorbed (regardless of the meal, as it is acid-drug), reaching a maximum concentration in the blood after about an hour, then distributed in sputum, bronchial secretions, pleural fluid, lung tissue, middle ear, prostate, abdominal , uterus, ovaries, adipose tissue, etc. Amoxicillin can pass through the placenta and breast milk, it is mostly derived from the urine and a little - with the feces.

Indications for use

Amoxicillin is indicated for the following infections caused by susceptible pathogens to the drug:

• inflammation of the respiratory tract (bronchitis, pneumonia);
• inflammation of upper respiratory tract (inflammation of the middle ear, sinuses, sore throat, pharyngitis, laryngitis).
• inflammation of the kidneys and urinary tract infection (pyelonephritis, cystitis);
• inflammation of the genital organs (uterus, ovaries, prostate, vulva);
• inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (septic wounds, ulcers, abscesses, etc.);
• inflammatory musculoskeletal system (bone, joints);
• inflammation of the gallbladder and biliary tract;
• inflammation associated with diseases of the teeth.

Contraindications for use

The use of amoxicillin is contraindicated:

• in case of hypersensitivity to the drug and to other antibiotics penicillin group;
• in infectious mononucleosis;
• cancer blood - lymphatic leukemia;
• pregnancy and breastfeeding (clinical studies have not been carried out);
• severe allergic diseases (asthma, etc.).

In severe liver and kidney function violation of their dose reduced.

Side effects

When receiving amoxicillin may experience the following side effects:

• from the gastrointestinal tract - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain Abdominal pain: Types and Symptoms   and in the anus, dysbacteriosis, stomatitis, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), colitis (inflammation of the walls of the large intestine), transient abnormal liver function;
• From the nervous system: agitation, anxiety, insomnia, confusion, change in behavior, headache, dizziness, convulsive reaction;
• on the part of the cardiovascular system: heart rate and shortness of breath;
• From the side of hematopoiesis: transient decrease in blood red blood cells (anemia), platelets (increased bleeding), leukocytes (decreased immunity);
• joint pain Joint pain - how to understand what is going on? ;
• allergies - itchy rash, urticaria, angioedema and others.

An overdose of amoxicillin (very rare, since the drug is generally not toxic) enhances all of its side effects, so these patients are urgently needed gastric lavage.

People with reduced kidney function, allergy history, suspected acute or chronic lymphoid leukemia, or cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus - what is its danger?   (CMV), during treatment with amoxicillin need to closely monitor their condition, as they have increased risk of worsening health and an allergic reaction to the drug.

Amoxicillin is contraindicated in people who are allergic to penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics.

Amoxicillin is excreted in breast milk, but in such small quantities that is not harmful to the baby. Therefore, nursing mothers can take it virtually without fear.

The most common side effects of amoxicillin are diarrhea, nausea and skin rashes; rarely occur in patients vomiting, pruritus, and urticaria. In very rare cases, patients taking amoxicillin, observed side effects such as dizziness, seizures, severe allergic reaction on the skin, hepatitis Hepatitis - the scourge of our time .

Amoxicillin - low toxic antibiotic that is widely used to treat various diseases.

Galina Romanenko

What amoksiklav

Amoxiclav - a combined antimicrobial broad-spectrum, which includes semi-synthetic penicillin, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, which protects amoxicillin from decay.

Amoxicillin kills pathogens, disrupting the structure of cell walls of bacteria. Another component - clavulanic acid bacteria binds to the enzyme beta-lactamase, which deprives the last degradability amoxicillin. Clavulanic kiclota binds beta-lactamase, which can produce a gram-positive and gram-negative, including record high-Anaerobic (without air emerging unlike aerobes that can develop only in air) microorganisms.

Bactericidal effect amoksiklava covers a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative (Gram-positive bacteria have a thick capsule than Gram therefore hold ink at Gram staining), aerobic and anaerobic pathogens.

Both components of the drug after ingestion rapidly absorbed (regardless of the meal), reaching a maximum concentration in the blood after about an hour, then distributed in sputum, bronchial secretions, pleural fluid, lung tissue, middle ear, the prostate gland, abdomen, uterus, ovaries , adipose tissue, etc. Both components can also cross the placenta and breast milk, they appear mostly in the urine and a little - with the feces.

Indications for use amoksiklava

Amoxiclav is indicated for the following infections caused by susceptible pathogens to the drug:

• inflammation of the respiratory tract (pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia);
• inflammation of the kidneys and urinary tract infection (pyelonephritis, cystitis);
• inflammation of the genital organs (uterus, ovaries, prostate, vulva);
• inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (septic wounds, ulcers, abscesses, etc.);
• inflammatory musculoskeletal system (bone, joints);
• infections, sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhea, chancroid);
• inflammation of the gallbladder and biliary tract;
• purulent oclozhneniyah pocle operations on the abdominal organs,
• inflammation associated with diseases of the teeth;
• inflammation of upper respiratory tract (inflammation of the middle ear, sinuses, sore throat);
• breast abscess;
• as prevention of septic complications before and after surgery.

Contraindications for use amoksiklava

• in case of hypersensitivity to the drug and to other antibiotics Antibiotics - whether they will help you in the foreseeable future?   penicillin group;
• in infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis - the illness of students ;
• blood cancer Blood cancer - do not despair   - Lymphocytic leukemia;
• Pregnancy (laboratory adverse effects on the fetus have been identified, but clinical studies have not been performed).

In severe liver and kidney function violation of their dose reduced.

Side effects that may occur when taking the drug

When receiving amoksiklava very rarely (amoksiklav generally well tolerated), but may experience the following side effects:

• from the gastrointestinal tract - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (amoksiklav if taken with meals, all these phenomena are reduced);
• allergies - itchy rash, urticaria Hives - burning itch .

Since amoksiklav not toxic, it is rare overdose, but in such cases may increase side effects in the gastrointestinal tract.