There are many ways to quit smoking, but to use any of them brings you to succeed, you need an important condition - willpower and motivation. How to quit smoking without the help of patches, gum, and other aids (though not forbidden to use them)?

• Make a list of what you like and do not like to smoke. Take a blank sheet of paper, draw a line in the middle, and recorded on a half - minus, on the other - the pros of your habits. Be honest with yourself. Do not be afraid to find out how much you love to smoke. In the end, you'll find no fewer reasons not to love this activity. Ask your family and friends why they do not like what you smoke. When the list by the cons will be longer than the part of the pros - the first step to quit smoking will be made.
• Make a list of reasons why it will be difficult to quit smoking. Write everything, even if the list would be very long and demotivating. Then, next to each item, specify at least one way to overcome this difficulty. For example, next to the entry "Smoking helps me to relieve stress," you can write "try to walk instead of a smoke break for five minutes." Thus you will break down the psychological barriers that stand between you and the refusal of the habit Bad habits - second nature? .
• Set a date when you stop smoking and sign a "contract" with them, in which you agree to no longer smoke. The contract should be signed and save. Do not set a date for tomorrow, or even next week - you will have time to prepare.
• Make a list of all the reasons why you want to quit, and always keep it handy. This list should be all that is important to you - on your health and the health of your family, to the environmental situation on the planet. Re-read the list when you want to smoke.
• As to the numbers when you stop smoking, remain less than two weeks, stop buying cartons of cigarettes.
• Within a week, write down when and how much you smoke. Did you smoke a lot especially during the working day, or during a football game, or in other situations. Knowing this, you're ready for a particularly strong desire to smoke and attacks are more likely to deal with them.
• Prepare a list of what you'll do when you want to smoke. This will happen often, especially during the first months, and the best way to handle this - do something. For example, take a walk, drink a glass of water, play with pets, wash machine, disassemble a few shelves in the closet, brush your teeth, drink a cup of tea or coffee, meditate.
• When will the day that you promised yourself to stop smoking, throw away everything that reminds you of smoking: matches, ashtrays, cigarette butts, cigarette lighters (including the cigarette lighter in the car).
• Instead of smoking breaks at work solitaire. One game takes about the same time as a smoke (although, like cigarettes, can cause dependence).
• Drink herbal tea in situations where you normally smoke - for example, at breakfast or after a meal. It relieves stress is not worse than the dose of nicotine.
• Replace cigarettes nuts. Best suited pistachios or other nuts in the shell - it is important that busy and my mouth and hands as when smoking.
• If you broke down, just start over again. Not many people manage to quit on the first try - try again until you get it.
• Fold the money you did not spend on cigarettes in a large glass jar. It is important to see how much money you spend on cigarettes - and he could afford to let them.
• Prohibit smoking in your home and in the car everything, including friends and relatives. You can even post signs in prominent places smokefree.
• Begin to quit smoking when you're in a good mood. In periods of high stress How to beat stress? Create an oasis   it will be very difficult to resist and not to smoke again.

Aphasia - speech disorder, a consequence of damage to parts of the brain responsible for speech. In most people these sites are located in the left hemisphere of the brain. Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as a result of stroke Stroke - a serious brain injury   or head injury, but in some cases - for example, against brain tumors, infections, dementia (dementia) - can develop gradually.

Aphasia leads to loss of the ability to speak and understand a foreign language, as well as the ability to read and write. Aphasia may be accompanied by other speech disorders - for example, dysarthria (articulation disorder) or apraxia of speech, which are themselves a consequence of brain damage. From aphasia may be affected by anyone, including children, but often the disorder is observed in older people, regardless of gender.

In the US alone from aphasia, or acquired speech disorders affect approximately one million people. Aphasia - a disease that causes difficulties not only in the verbalization, but also in understanding spoken and written language. Depending on the extent of brain damage the consequences of aphasia may be different - for example, a person suffering from speech disorders, can sing, but can not speak. In some cases, aphasia develops along with other disorders - e.g., apraxia, which is also a result of brain damage.

Development of the disease depends on several factors, including the patient's age, type of aphasia, the size and location of the damaged portion of the brain.

Aphasia - the result of damage to one or more parts of the brain responsible for speech. The most common consequence of stroke aphasia becomes Stroke - consequences: recovery and treatment   - Acute circulatory disorders, in which the blood does not flow to the brain, and brain cells, losing oxygen and nutrients die. Furthermore, the reason may be heavy aphasia head trauma, brain infection, tumors and other diseases affecting the brain.

Signs and symptoms

Depending on the type of disease symptoms of aphasia vary: for example, with expressive aphasia person has difficulty with the pronunciation of words and sentences, and when sensory aphasia - difficulty understanding speech. When global aphasia, a person can not speak or take someone else's speech.

Depending on the location and size of the damaged area of ​​the brain and the symptoms of aphasia may be different; loss of speech may be either partial or complete.

Types of aphasia

• Sensory aphasia

Damage to the temporal lobe of the brain can cause sensory aphasia, or the so-called Wernicke's aphasia. In most cases, this type of aphasia is caused by damage to the left temporal lobe of the brain. People with Wernicke's aphasia may say the long sentences that have no value in the proposal to add unnecessary words, and construct new words of their own, which is why we are such patients is very difficult or almost impossible to understand. Receptive aphasia is difficulty in understanding another's speech. However, no other apparent violations of a person does not - because that part of the brain is damaged, which is located away from areas of the brain that control movement, as a whole person behaves and moves perfectly normal.

• Logaphasia

Efferent motor aphasia, or so-called Broca's aphasia - speech disorder caused by damage to the frontal lobe of the brain. People with Broca's aphasia are able to utter only a short, simple sentences, often omitting the prepositions as uttering the words given to them hard. For example, from a person with motor aphasia can hear "walk the dog" instead of "I'm going to walk the dog." Here's speech people with Broca's aphasia perceive well. Since the frontal lobe of the brain is partly responsible for motor skills, Broca's aphasia often accompanied by a paralysis or weakness of the right extremities - hands and feet.

Another kind of aphasia - the so-called total or global aphasia, a consequence of damage to a large part of the speech centers of the brain. Total aphasia leads to an inability to pronounce words and to perceive another's speech.

Moreover, it decided to allocate several types of aphasia, each of which is the result of damage to the various speech centers of the brain. In some cases, people with aphasia, being able to speak and understand the meaning of words and sentences, find it difficult to repeat certain words or sentences. In other cases, aphasia results in the inability to correctly identify the subject, even if the person knows that it is for the subject and understands how to use it.

Diagnostics

Often the first signs of aphasia notices physician in the treatment of head injury or other brain damage - in most cases a neurologist. The doctor may conduct some tests require the patient to perform certain commands, answer questions, name objects, hold a conversation. If there is a suspicion of aphasia, held a large-scale study of human speech functions to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

In some cases, even without treatment there is a complete restoration of man and the disappearance of symptoms of aphasia - usually after a short break the flow of blood to the brain, the so-called transient ischemic attack or minor stroke Microstroke - invisible, but very dangerous . In such cases, the ability of human speech can fully recover within a few hours or days.

In most cases, however, the restoration of speech functions is not a rapid or complete. Although many people with aphasia is observed spontaneous partial recovery of speech functions for several weeks or months after a traumatic brain injury, some signs of aphasia is usually stored. In such cases, often very useful speech therapy techniques. Restoration of human speech function usually requires a long time - more than two years, and the sooner treatment begins, the more effective the recovery process. The success of recovery of speech functions is affected by many factors - including the cause of the brain damage, the location of the damaged area of ​​the brain, the severity of the damage, age and state of health.

The participation of family members in the treatment of aphasia patient is considered a very important component of the treatment, so the relatives of the patient is advised to adhere to the following rules:

• Simplify it by building a simple, short sentences
• If necessary, repeat the keywords proposals
• Maintain a normal style of communication (ie, do not try to talk with the patient as a small child or an imbecile)
• Involve the patient to participate in a conversation
• Support all kinds of communication, be it speech or sign language
• As little as possible to correct the person with aphasia
• Give the man time needed to build and speaking the proposals

Today, there are other approaches to regenerative therapy, including, inter alia, the use of computers to improve speech abilities of the person suffering from aphasia. With the help of computer therapy helps patients recover more quickly certain elements of speech functions. In addition, the computer helps people who have difficulty with the perception of individual sounds, giving special exercises for the understanding of phonemes.