Diagnosis of follicular thyroid cancer

Currently, the diagnosis of thyroid follicular cancer using the following procedure:

• Ultrasound examination of the thyroid - a non-invasive diagnostic procedure, during which the image of the thyroid gland and growing therein nodes obtained using sound waves .  Using ultrasound can determine the size of the node, its current location, as well as whether it is filled or liquid tight (in the latter case it is likely cyst and not cancer) .  US can not provide all the required data, with an accuracy to distinguish benign from malignant tumor, but with the help of a doctor can confirm the need for further diagnostic .  For example, if found hypoechoic nodules with increased vascularization, microscopic calcium deposits (microcalcifications), as well as components with jagged edges, it gives rise to suspicion of cancer, and in such cases the patient should be referred for additional diagnostic procedures .  In addition, the US - a good tool for monitoring the nodes in the thyroid gland .  If they start to rise, it may be recommended biopsy .  After the treatment of follicular thyroid cancer, regular ultrasound are used for surveillance and early detection of recurrence of cancer .
• Fine-needle aspiration biopsy - is the most accurate method of diagnosis of most cancers. A biopsy is often carried out by directing the movement of the needle using ultrasound imaging. With the help of a thin hollow needle doctor takes a sample of cells in the thyroid gland node The thyroid gland - is responsible for your hormones Which is then a specialist in the field of cytology studies under the microscope. When follicular thyroid cancer that is not enough; because of the peculiarities of this type of cancer can be accurately diagnosed only after the removal of the thyroid gland.
• Blood test. Most patients with follicular thyroid cancer blood, including the level of thyroid stimulating hormone provides normal results. In rare cases, the level of thyroid stimulating hormone may bow out of the norm, so the analysis on T3 and T4 do not care costs. Thyroglobulin is a tumor marker, so based on its level can be determined that the cancer has started to spread and grow again after treatment. Typically, patients who have removed the thyroid gland, regularly do blood tests for levels of thyroglobulin. However, in some cases, the development of follicular thyroid cancer, thyroglobulin level is not changing, so you need to use additional methods of diagnosis.
• Genetic testing. So far not revealed a single gene, which would influence the development of follicular thyroid cancer.

Radioiodine uptake study is used to determine whether a node in the thyroid gland to the "cold" or "hot" type. Most of the "hot" nodes (97%) - benign, while the "cold" nodes often are malignant (about 10% of the units of this type are cancerous tumors). Generally, biopsy is more accurate, and is typically used in place of studies of the absorption of radioactive iodine.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography - methods of medical imaging that can be used to identify cancer metastases and get detailed overall picture of the disease.

Treatment

Surgery. The most effective treatment for follicular thyroid carcinoma is total thyroidectomy (ie removal of the entire thyroid gland). First, however, patients typically remove only a fraction of the gland (lobectomy), to determine whether the detected node malignancy. If signs of sprouting beyond the capsule absent, a benign adenoma. However, if there is sprouting out of the capsule (capsular invasion), the blood vessels (vascular invasion), or in bonds lymph (lymphatic invasion), the patient is diagnosed with cancer. In this case, as a rule, thyroid removed completely. As a rule, full tireodiektomiyu carried out in a period of one to six weeks after the first operation.

If the tumor is very small and localized within the same lobe of the thyroid and symptoms of vascular and lymphatic invasion are not available, it can be quite partial removal of the thyroid gland. The decision is made after evaluating such factors as the age and sex of the patient, the size and location of the tumor.

After total thyroidectomy patient lifelong need to take medicines containing thyroid hormones. Sometimes it is necessary and those who have passed lobectomy; a problem of hormone therapy Hormone therapy - is it possible to fool nature?   - Not to give the remaining thyroid cells actively growing. Increased TSH is a sure sign that the cells began to grow and multiply. If you take a little higher dose of thyroid hormone Thyroid hormones: mechanism of action and physiological effects , Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels will remain low. The initial dose of levothyroxine in patients undergoing thyroid follicular cancer Thyroid cancer: it is curable Assigned rate of 2 g per 1 kg of body weight.

Treatment with radioactive iodine. Normally, the cells of the thyroid gland absorbs iodine contained in the blood and use it for the production of hormones. In the body, there are no other cells that can absorb and accumulate iodine. After removal of the thyroid gland radioactive iodine therapy can be used to destroy remaining cancer cells and prevent the development of cancer in the future. In some forms of follicular thyroid cancer, this type of therapy is ineffective.

Other treatments. It is rare in the treatment of follicular thyroid cancer using chemotherapy and radiotherapy outside. Typically, they are used only in the later stages of cancer, when the task is not to cure the disease, and to slow down its development.

The structure of the colon and causes of cancer in it

Rectum, as the final part of the colon, located in the pelvis, and is adjacent to the sacrum and coccyx. The length of the colon is 15-16 cm. In it there are three parts: nadampulyarnuyu (4-5 cm), the ampoule (8-10 cm) from the anal canal and the area of ​​the crotch portion of the sphincters (circular muscles, preventing the free allocation stool - 2, 5 -4 cm). The circumference of the anal canal is between 5 and 9 cm, its narrow lumen.

Of great importance for the development of this disease has the power. After all, what we eat, it affects the rate of advancement of feces, their volume, content, and frequency of the intestinal microflora of the chair. When power is easily digestible foods promote food through the intestines it is very slow. This oncogenic substances that may be included in food or produced by microflora of the rectum, lasting impact on her wall. In rural Africa, where the rectum cancers are rare, the food consists of carbohydrate-rich foods contain lots of plant fiber and poor in animal protein. Such food is used in a large amount, and passes through the intestine is much faster.

Other factors contributing to the development of colorectal cancer, you can call a genetic predisposition, decreased physical activity, affecting the activity of the intestines, changes in the chemical composition of feces, constipation Constipation - Watch out for food . Often cancer reborn benign tumors of the rectum, such as polyps.

The most common malignant tumor Malignant tumor: cells are mad   It is located in a vial of the rectum, much less - in the anal canal. Cancer disposed in an ampoule, is the formation of a polyp or ulcers. Cancer nadampulnoy rectum - is usually the connective tissue (fibrous) ring, which narrows the lumen of the colon. Cancer of the anal canal can grow both inside the rectum or outside of it, germinating in the surrounding tissue.

How is colorectal cancer

Rectal cancer begins quietly. It is often the first symptoms appear only when the collapse comes tumors or bowel obstruction Ileus - the reasons may be different . Many patients have different kinds of discharge from the rectum. Bleeding usually occurs in the localization of the tumor in the upper parts of the rectum. During the bleeding blood and decaying tumor tissue are mixed, which makes the blood type of the released meat slops with a strong unpleasant odor.

Almost all patients experience different symptoms of discomfort in the rectum: a feeling of incomplete emptying of the rectum, feeling as though the rectum there is any foreign body changes and stool frequency, sometimes appear diarrhea.

The pain may be of different nature and intensity - it depends on where the tumor is located, and at what stage. Most early pain occur when cancer is in the anal canal. If the tumor is located in an ampoule of the rectum, the pain can be very severe and associated with a bowel movement. When the location of cancer in the upper part of the rectum is usually pain associated with spasms of the intestinal wall and formation of obstruction. Pain usually appears in the lower abdomen and the left iliac fossa (the place where the rectum).

The last stage of colon cancer in addition to the local and general symptoms are characterized by: a sharp weight loss, anemia, and general malaise.

Diagnosis is made by the surgeon-proctologist on the basis of examination of the patient and a digital examination of the rectum. If you suspect that colon cancer is assigned an additional examination: endoscopic, radiologic, ultrasound and radioisotope studies. Also carried out laboratory studies of discharge from the rectum to detect tumor cells.

Treatment of rectal cancer is usually surgical. The rectum is removed along with the tumor completely or partially. When complete removal of the rectum superimposed colostomy - elimination of feces through the abdominal wall. Before and after the operation is usually performed radiation therapy. Chemotherapy is also carried out - it is the prevention of the formation of metastases Metastasis - danger everywhere .

The initial stages of colorectal cancer respond well to treatment, so it is very important identification at this stage.

Galina Romanenko