Bronchoscopy - a procedure in which the doctor can examine the lungs and airways of the patient, including the trachea, bronchi and the vocal cords. There are two types of bronchoscopes - bronchofiberscope and rigid bronchoscope. Since 1960 bronchofiberscope gradually replacing rigid bronchoscope because of ease of use and other benefits.

In some patients, bronchoscopy using bronchofiberscope carried out without anesthesia, but in most cases used sedatives. However, when using rigid bronchoscope requires general anesthesia. During the procedure, the physician can see the airway tissue looking device on the end of the bronchoscope, or on a dedicated monitor.

Bronchoscopy is performed using rigid bronchoscopy or bronchofiberscope depending on the evidence. For example, if the patient coughs large amount of blood, it is best suited rigid bronchoscope, since it provides the best opportunity to control the bleeding. In most cases, however, bronchoscopy performed using bronchofiberscope because it provides greater patient comfort and reduces the need for anesthesia.

Indications

Bronchoscopy can be used for diagnosis or treatment. For example, it can be used for diagnostics in the following cases:

• Persistent cough in patients without apparent reason;
• Traces of blood in sputum;
• Abnormal results of X-ray examination - seals, nodules, inflammation of the lungs;
• Possible lung infections.

The use of bronchoscopy for medicinal purposes:

• Removal of foreign bodies from the airway;
• Stent placement in one of the respiratory tract, for example, if it is compressed tumor;
• Removal of the tumor that is blocking the airway.

Potential complications

Complications of bronchoscopy are relatively rare. However, in some cases, the effects of the procedure may be:

• Nose bleed;
• Damage to the vocal cords;
• Irregular heartbeat;
• Insufficient oxygen supply to the tissues of the body;
• Bleeding at the biopsy site;
• Puncture of the lung;
• Tooth damage (using rigid bronchoscope);
• Complications associated with the use of sedatives and anesthetics.

Typically, patients undergoing bronchoscopy, are not recommended to eat, drink, or chew gum after midnight on the day of the procedure. Necessary preparations can be taken, drinking very little water. The only exceptions are medicines that may increase the risk of bleeding - for example, aspirin Aspirin - NSAIDs   and warfarin Warfarin - indirect anticoagulants . Doctors recommend to stop taking them for a few days before bronchoscopy.

The procedure

During bronchoscopy, the patient is connected to a monitor, so medical personnel could monitor his heart rate, oxygen levels in the body and blood pressure Blood pressure - dangerous if his swing? . The patient is then made intravenous sedation or general anesthesia made (depending on the type bronhoksopii). Additional oxygen to the patient will be administered through the mouth or nose.

Before introducing a flexible bronchoscope, into the nasal cavity and throat at the back of a local anesthetic is applied - lidocaine. Bronchofiberscope can be entered either through the nose or through the mouth. When the bronchoscope is in the respiratory tract, they cause additional local anesthetic to reduce discomfort and to ease the cough reflex. Hard bronchoscope is introduced only through the mouth.

Bronchoscopy can last from 15 to 60 minutes. If necessary, the doctor makes a record of the image, biopsy or therapeutic manipulation.

The patient remains in the hospital, on average, within two hours after bronchoscopy. During this time must complete the action of sedatives and anesthetics. Only after that the patient is allowed to eat and drink.

Some patients within one or two days after the procedure expectorant dark brown sputum. This is an expected side effect of the procedure, which should not cause concern. However, with expectoration of bright red blood should immediately contact a doctor.

Breathing exercises can be incorporated into the complex treatment of patients with pneumonia as soon as the temperature has dropped and will be expressed symptoms of intoxication. These exercises can be done first, lying in bed, then sitting, standing and moving.

Why do breathing exercises helps in the treatment of pneumonia

Breathing exercises are widely used in the treatment of patients with pneumonia. Under the influence of the exercises is systematically increased ventilation, improves blood and lymph circulation in the lung and pleura, strengthens the respiratory muscles. Everything has a beneficial effect on lung function.

Breathing exercises have warned a number of complications of pneumonia. For example, the early inclusion of breathing exercises in the comprehensive treatment of the patient prevents adhesions (connective bridges) in the pleural cavity, the development of atelectasis (spadenie individual sections of the lungs), emphysema (persistent enlargement of the alveoli in the individual sections of the lungs), secondary deformities of the chest.

During the respiratory training exercises going on the diaphragm, the development of the phrenic (more correct) breathing. Movement of the diaphragm contribute to the inflow of venous blood from the abdomen to the heart, thereby facilitating its work, positive effect on the digestive organs.

During breathing exercise improves blood oxygen saturation, which leads to the restoration of the metabolism Metabolism: The basis of life of all living things   in all organs and tissues of the body, which, of course, suffered pneumonia.

Indications and contraindications for the purpose of breathing exercises

Breathing exercises prescribed after lowering the temperature and in determining whether the return of the inflammatory process according to the doctor's examination, radiological and laboratory studies. The patient must also be absent phenomenon cardiovascular disease.

Breathing exercises contraindicated in the acute stage of the disease, with a sharp depletion of the patient and if it has cardiovascular disease.

If the patient is still bed rest, the breathing exercises are conducted without deepening the breath, that is, without increasing the mobility of the chest on the affected side of the patient's lung schazheniya. The patient also has to try to breathe less. The duration of such studies does not exceed 10 minutes.

With the improvement of the patient breathing exercises while sitting and standing. Used breathing exercises improving the ventilation of lung lesions. At this stage, the normal state of the patient for respiratory therapists attached light exercise Myths about exercise: do not believe . Time employment increased to 20 minutes.

In free mode, the amount of physical activity increases, the lessons will be extended to 30 minutes. After recovery gymnastics going on, it is also recommended to attach walks in the fresh air, coupled with the right diaphragmatic breathing.

Breathing exercises with pneumonia

During the respiratory training exercise is necessary to achieve the deep rhythmic breathing with prolonged exhalation. Exercise, exercise, and lengthening the exhalation, called static. They are executed only by muscles directly involved in the process of inhalation and exhalation, the rest of the muscles should be relaxed.

These include exercises, such as breathing exercises with the pronunciation on the exhale vibrate and whistling (F, G, H, W, u, C, F, H). Exercise relieves spasm of the bronchial walls, contributes to lengthening the exhalation. Sounds M, H are pronounced with the mouth closed.

Breathing exercise with a score during exhalation will also help it extend: a breath - 1-2, exhale - 1-2-3-4. To inhale longer, it can create artificial barriers, for example, through the exhale through his teeth or lips extend through one half of a nose and so on.

With the same purpose in the breathing exercises you can include tongue twisters. Inhale while done freely, and as you exhale pronounce patter. The longer the patter, the better: first, you can say only a part and gradually lengthen the breath to complete pronunciation.

Examples of tongue twisters:

• Clara came to the two Vari;
• black jackdaw blackbird gave blueberries Benefits and harms of blueberries: the health of the forest   Bunch;
• cuckoo cuckoo bought the hood in the hood it is ridiculous.

Breathing exercises help get rid of the effects of suffering pneumonia. But do such exercises regularly - only then it will have a positive impact.

Galina Romanenko