Although it considered a disease of women's thrush, increased activity of fungal microorganisms of the genus candida albicans (Candida white) and can trigger the development of candidiasis in men Candidiasis in men: what is the reason? . For treatment of the various manifestations of yeast infection in men use the drug Diflucan. For example, balanitis, an inflammation of the glans penis, caused by a fungus, or treated with antifungal drugs for external use (cream with clotrimazole, ketoconazole or miconazole in various concentrations) or diflyukanom.

Diflucan for men is recommended for different types of candidiasis - not only for the treatment of genital candidiasis (balanitis), but also to suppress the symptoms of yeast infection in the mouth or gut. The main indications for the reception of the drug:

• Cryptococcosis, including cryptococcal meningitis Meningitis - an inflammation of the meninges   and infections of other species (e.g., lung, skin). Diklyukan can be used for the prevention of acute or return of cryptococcal disease in patients with AIDS.
• Systemic candidiasis including candidemia (fungal disease of blood), disseminated candidiasis and other forms of invasive fungal infections (fungal infections of the urinary tract, lungs, abdomen, and so on).
• Mucosal candidiasis - including candidiasis lesion of the esophagus, noninvasive bronchopulmonary fungal infection, thrush in the mouth Thrush in the mouth: a nasty fungus . Preventing return or exacerbation of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS.
• Genital candidiasis (treatment and prevention of balanitis, an inflammation of the penis).
• Prevention of various types of fungal infections in immunocompromised and weakened by chemotherapy or radiation therapy of the immune system.

Recommended dosage

In contrast to the treatment of yeast infections in women Thrush in women - the relevance of the problem For which in most cases requires only a single dose of Diflucan, fungal diseases in men generally require more prolonged therapy - short-term treatment can lead to the reappearance of the infection in future. In some cases, it is recommended to take Diflucan as a preventive measure to prevent the re-fungal infection.

The recommended dosage of Diflucan for men with cryptococcal meningitis and other cryptococcal infection is four milligrams of the drug on the first day of treatment, two hundred and four hundred milligrams a day for the next treatment. The duration of treatment is determined by the doctor depending on the body's reaction to the drug, and can be up to six to eight weeks.

The recommended dosage of Diflucan for men when candidemia, disseminated candidiasis and other invasive fungal infections - four hundred milligrams of the drug on the first day of treatment, and two hundred milligrams daily during the entire course of treatment. Depending on the daily dose of the drug Diflucan may be increased to four hundred milligrams. The duration of treatment depends on the response of the body to the drug.

The recommended dosage of Diflucan for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis - from fifty to one hundred milligrams of the drug daily for seven to fourteen days (in some cases the duration of treatment can be increased). In severe forms of yeast infection of the mouth recommended dosage of the drug - fifty milligrams daily for fourteen days (both recommended and antiseptic for external use). For other forms of mucosal candidiasis (except genital infections), the recommended dose of Diflucan is fifty to one hundred milligrams daily for fourteen to thirty days.

For the treatment of balanitis (fungal infection of the glans penis in men) usually requires receiving only one dose of Diflucan - one hundred and fifty milligrams of the drug. In some cases, however, it requires a longer course of treatment.

The recommended dosage for Diflucan men in the prevention of various forms of candidiasis - from fifty to four hundred milligrams per day, depending on the risk of fungal infection.

Methods of treatment of interstitial cystitis

Preparations for oral administration are the basis of treatment of interstitial cystitis. Most often patients with this disorder medications prescribed following:

• PPS;
• Amitriptyline;
• Hydroxyzine.

PPS

PPS - a drug whose use for the treatment of interstitial cystitis has received official approval. It restores the inner shell of the bladder, making it through the wall will not be able to penetrate substances that stimulate nerve endings.

During the research, the results of which the drug has received official approval, it has proved effective more than 25% of patients (among study participants who received the placebo, the improvement occurred only in 16% of cases). Further clinical trials showed a higher efficacy. In general, it is believed that PPS causes a significant improvement in 42-62% of cases. The results of treatment are visible, usually only two or three months after you start taking the drug. PPS is well tolerated by most patients. Among the side effects of the drug - indigestion, and alopecia (hair loss). The coat is recovering after treatment.

Amitriptyline

Amitriptyline - a drug from the group of the tricyclic antidepressants, which is often used to treat cystitis. This medicine can be helpful to patients with interstitial cystitis, for several reasons. Firstly, amitriptyline reduces the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, thereby weakening pain. Second, it helps to stabilize mast cell membranes (mast cells) - is immune cells of connective tissue that secrete substances that promote inflammation, such as allergies. Finally, amitriptyline helps to some extent reduce the frequency of urination - perhaps through effects on beta-adrenergic receptors located on the walls of the bladder. Amitriptyline is one of the most effective drugs for patients with interstitial cystitis Interstitial cystitis - inflammation of the bladder   It causes severe pain and discomfort.

Clinical trials are also talking about the effectiveness of the drug: the subjects treated with amitriptyline, occurred significantly more improvement than those who took a placebo Placebo - an effective tool for self-hypnosis . However, 92% of the subjects receiving amitriptyline caused anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth and constipation. In addition, the sedative effect of amitriptyline may make a person lethargic and apathetic, but if you take it in the evening, it can improve sleep. However, interstitial cystitis, are assigned significantly lower doses of the drug than in the treatment of depression, so these side effects are usually expressed rather weakly. However, the doctors prescribed to patients amitriptyline, are obliged to warn them about possible side effects, as they can reduce the concentration of attention, because of what a person can make mistakes when driving or performing other tasks.

Hydroxyzine

Hydroxyzine - a drug from the group H1-histamine blockers. It inhibits degranulation of mast cells, resulting in decreased production of histamine. This explains the effectiveness of hydroxyzine treatment of interstitial cystitis - it is believed that an excess of histamine leads to the appearance of certain symptoms of the disease.

Some studies have shown that hydroxyzine alleviates the symptoms of interstitial cystitis in approximately 55% of patients. At the same time, there is evidence that allow question the effectiveness of hydroxyzine as a means for the treatment of interstitial cystitis - in one study, the drug was not more effective than placebo.

In addition to these drugs, physicians prescribe patients with interstitial cystitis and other drugs, such as:

• Tricyclic antidepressants: imipramine, nortriptyline, doxepin;
• Antihistamines. Some patients can achieve improvement in using loratadine, or diphenhydramine;
• Antiepileptic drugs - gabapentin, pregabalin, and carbamazepine. They have not received official approval for use in the treatment of interstitial cystitis, but they are effective in relieving some of the symptoms of the disease;
• Muscle relaxants are useful at elevated tone the pelvic floor muscles;
• Opioid analgesics are administered to patients with chronic pain, which do not help other medications;
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, such as venlafaxine and paroxetine;
• H2-blockers of histamine receptors, such as cimetidine;
• Leukotriene inhibitors such as montelukast;
• Phenazopyridine - analgesic, specifically for patients suffering from painful urination;
• Alpha-blockers such as doxazosin and terazosin.

Intravesical therapy

Intravesical instillation therapy or bladder involves injecting a drug or "cocktail" of several drugs directly into the bladder. In most cases, bladder instillation used as second-line therapy; it can also be used in combination with other types of medical therapy.

Dimethyl sulfoxide

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) - the only drug whose use for intravesical therapy for cystitis officially approved. This substance - a byproduct of the pulp and paper industry. It has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, as well as a muscle relaxant.

DMSO is introduced into the bladder through a catheter; patient should refrain from urinating for at least 15 minutes after administration. It is included in the so-called drug cocktails, with heparin, corticosteroids and sodium bicarbonate. Bladder instillation procedure is carried out once a week for 6-8 weeks.

According to studies, DMSO effective in 70% of cases; drug eliminates symptoms of cystitis, and the effect lasts from several months to a year. Side effects of DMSO include garlic taste Garlic health: almost a panacea   mouth and discomfort associated with catheterization.

Other drugs for intravesical therapy

Somewhat less than DMSO for the treatment of interstitial cystitis use other drugs, such as lidocaine and heparin - they may be used alone or in combination with other drugs.

Gidrodistenziya

Gidrodistenziyu frequently used for diagnosis, but it also has short-term therapeutic effect in about 50% of cases. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia. The doctor examines the state of the walls of the bladder, taking urine sample, and for one or two minutes of the bladder expands, filling it with sterile water. Then, the bladder is emptied and filled again - in tension on its walls the best views of various injuries. The next time the bladder is expanded at the approximately eight minutes. Finally, it again devastate and urologist carries fence tissue (biopsy) for analysis.

About half of patients say that after gidrodistenzii IC symptoms become less pronounced, but the effect is rarely lasts longer than six months. Experts believe that this procedure increases the capacity of the bladder, and disrupts the transmission of pain signals through the nerve endings located on its walls.

Surgical intervention

Surgery may only be assigned to a patient with severe interstitial cystitis, and only if it has tried all the other methods of treatment, and they were ineffective. The operation is carried out to improve the functioning of the bladder, eliminating damage to its walls, and the factors that cause the reverse flow of urine. Among used to treat cystitis surgical techniques - cystoscopy, implantation of pacemaker Interstom and open surgery. Cystoscopy includes a resection of the bladder wall, or laser ablation, with which the walls of the bladder was removed ulcers typical for many patients with interstitial cystitis.

An implantable stimulator approved for the treatment of urinary incontinence and frequent urination, which are observed in many patients with interstitial cystitis, but it will be less effective for those who have this disease causes severe pain. Studies have shown that at least 50% of patients after pacemaker implantation less complain of incontinence and other symptoms of cystitis Cystitis - symptoms: spasms, cramps and discomfort Which can significantly reduce quality of life.

Open surgery typically used to increase the capacity of the bladder. Unfortunately, even after radical surgery, some patients continue to experience pain in the pelvis - this may cause spasm of the pelvic floor and features of the functioning of the nervous system.

When to call a specialist

Preparations for oral administration and some others for the treatment of cystitis patient may appoint a regular family doctor. If using standard medications fail to achieve relief, or if the doctor has doubts about the diagnosis, you should consult a urologist.