Vaccination against TB is part of the National Immunization Schedule Vaccinations - protect the public from dangerous infections   in our country. Thanks to this vaccination significantly reduced child mortality from tuberculous meningitis, as well as their disability as a result of the defeat of tuberculosis of bones and joints. Virtually absent and severe forms of pulmonary tuberculosis in children Tuberculosis in children - Actual problems of modern .

Vaccination against tuberculosis - to whom and how it is conducted

In accordance with the Order number of 51H 31.01.2011 Health Minister vaccination against tuberculosis BCG conducted on 3-7 days after birth in the maternity hospital. In the future, the child is carried out as two booster: 7 and 14 years.

Revaccination carried out in the absence of the child's symptoms of primary infection with tuberculosis. Primary infection (bend) is detected by means of annually held intradermal tuberculin test (Mantoux test). Vaccinations against tuberculosis (TB skin test is negative, no bend) only after a medical examination.

Tuberculin tests are conducted using the tuberculin - extracts from Mycobacterium tuberculosis destroyed. They are based on the fact that during the initial introduction of the organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the sensitivity (allergy) organism to infectious agents. This leads to the fact that the formulation of the next reaction Mantoux skin develops an allergic reaction in the form of redness and swelling limited Prevention and treatment of edema - it is important to understand the root cause   (papules) skin. Depending on how to grow a papule after Mantoux test in comparison with the previous one, made a year ago, judge whether there is a turn of the child. Survey to be children who have growth papules than 5 mm.

What is the Mantoux test for tuberculosis

If the Mantoux test in children is greater than 17 mm, and 21 mm in adults or in a place setting Mantoux occur pustules and ulcers, the response is assessed as hyperergic. Most often, this suggests ingestion of a significant amount of M. tuberculosis and the development of primary tuberculosis complex. Such a person is subject to compulsory examination for tuberculosis.

But hyperergic reaction can occur in healthy people, for example, in the presence of allergic diseases or after infection. At the same time, in some forms of TB p. Mantu may be questionable or weakly positive (eg tuberculosis of the kidneys).

The vaccine against tuberculosis

This vaccine is called BCG (BCG), in deciphering Latin abbreviations - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The vaccine against tuberculosis - specifically bred (French scientists Calmette and Guérin) attenuated strain of living bovine tubercle bacilli species that has lost virulence (ability to cause disease) to humans, being specially grown in an artificial environment. During replication in the body weakened Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vaccinated person develops long-lasting immunity Immunity - types and characteristics in children in adults   to tuberculosis. Also available BCG-M, which contains fewer bacteria and is used for gentle primary vaccination with contraindications to BCG.

It is believed that the sooner the human body to meet with Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a vaccine, the more likely the child will not get sick this infection. That vaccination against tuberculosis is still a newborn in the maternity hospital. In the presence of contraindications BCG delayed. If it is made up to two months of age, the preliminary statement of the tuberculin test (r.Mantu) is not required. Vaccinations for tuberculosis after two months of age children are held only after r.Mantu.

Vaccination against tuberculosis is carried out in adults aged 30 years and only if the person is not infected with the tubercle bacillus. This is evidenced by the presence of a negative Mantoux test throughout life.

The response to vaccination against tuberculosis

BCG vaccination is usually well as newborns and older children and adults. BCG is administered intradermally strictly in the upper third of the left shoulder. The response to the vaccine is in a normal occurrence after 8-12 weeks in the skin at the site of injection, a small (a few mm) seal (infiltration) covered with a crust (but usually not). This crust is not recommended to injure, including washcloth when bathing children. Gradually it alone and separated children in the six-month skin remains a small scar.

Complications after vaccination is usually the case if, instead of intradermal administration of vaccine was administered subcutaneously. In this case, it is possible the emergence of the child on the shoulder of cold abscesses.

Galina Romanenko

Sumamed is effective treatment for many diseases of infectious and inflammatory nature. But the agents of these infections quickly become accustomed to the antibiotics, even if at first they were sensitive to them. That is why it is so dangerous to self.

Sumamed relates to macrolide antibiotics. The very first macrolide erythromycin Erythromycin - if you are allergic to penicillin   - Natural antibiotic derived from a microorganism. This group of antibiotics began to grow rapidly due to the creation of semi-synthetic drugs, the properties of which arbitrarily changed depending on the chemical composition. A few years from the macrolide separated subgroup azalides. These macrolide antibiotics are characterized by the fact that it is better absorbed and rapidly create a high concentration in the tissue, which was held for a long period of time sufficient to achieve a therapeutic effect. In addition, azalides can be administered only once (sometimes twice) a day, which is very convenient for patients.

Properties Sumamed

Sumamed fully azalides has all the advantages. It is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood penetrates the tissue cells and bacteria. Thus it is particularly actively penetrates into the cells which are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. These cells when a focus of inflammation in the body are sent to it in order to absorb and dissolve inside pathogens. Sumamed, getting them immediately transferred directly in the inflammation, where it creates a high concentration.

The high concentration of the drug in the inflammation lasts a long time, for at least three days. It is possible to develop a special regimen of pills: for three consecutive days once a day. Since the concentration lasts a long time, the whole is equal to seven-day course of reception, which is recommended for all other antibiotics.

It is active against most bacteria, which cause infections of the upper respiratory tract and upper respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues, bones and joints, as well as intracellular pathogens (Chlamydia, ureaplasma, mycoplasma), which are very difficult to kill.

Indications

According to the rules sumamed should be used only after prior seeding biological material (various kinds of discharge from the inflammatory focus) on a medium to proxy authentication pathogen and its sensitivity to antibiotics. But in practice, most of the material held the fence and immediately appointed sumamed, and then, if the detected pathogen insensitivity to this antibiotic Antibiotics - whether they will help you in the foreseeable future? , Sumamed change to another antibacterial agent.

In outpatient practice often have to prescribe the drug for bacterial complications after acute respiratory viral infections. This usually or inflammatory ENT diseases (angina, exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis, purulent pharyngitis, sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, otitis), or inflammation of the bronchial tubes and lungs.

In addition, it sumamed often prescribed for inflammatory diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. In such cases sumamed appointed or directly to the treatment (for example, abrasions), or for the prevention of complications after surgery (eg, after opening the abscess Abscess - why it is so dangerous ulcers?   or cellulitis).

Sensitive to sumamed and pathogen of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcers (Helicobacter pylori), so in this disease is often administered sumamed, but only after a strict pre-bacteriological examination of the stomach contents and duodenum.

Contraindications and side effects

Sumamed in most cases it is very well tolerated and is properly received no side effects. However, side effects nevertheless happen. This, above all, signs of irritation of the walls of the gastrointestinal tract that are manifested by nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, flatulence, and abdominal pain. This irritation is generally not the antibiotic, and conditionally pathogenic intestinal microflora, which "raises his head" after the drug destroys microflora. Thus also becoming active fungi Candida, whereby it may be kandidomikoz intestinal and other mucous membranes (such as the genitals, mouth).

The drug can also cause transient abnormal liver function and changes in the nervous system in the form of headache, dizziness Dizziness - if the ground is slipping from under his feet , Lethargy and sleepiness, or, conversely, excitement and insomnia.

Sumamed - this is a good effective antibiotic, but it requires a correct and precise application. Self-medication must be completely ruled out, as it can lead to serious complications.

Galina Romanenko