Shocking disease revolutionary operations: in the medical world is full of amazing stories, which are so fun to read, but it is terrible to survive. Here are some entertaining stories and medical facts that will amaze you.

Fonagnoziya

Fonagnoziya (Phonagnosia) - this is a very rare syndrome in which a person loses the ability to recognize the other voice. In a personal meeting a person suffering fonagnoziey can communicate normally, and understand with whom he is talking, but talking on the phone, he can not understand with whom he is talking, even if it is long known interlocutor. Most people with this syndrome have received it after brain injury in an accident or a stroke Stroke - a serious brain injury . In order to reduce the inconvenience of their disease, you can use a variety of techniques - less talk on the phone to answer calls by appointment only. You can also give your phone a familiar name changed slightly to know exactly who is calling for these minor variations of his name.

The ability to recognize the voice seems to us not so important as the ability to distinguish faces, because if you can not find the interlocutor in a conversation face to face, it will cause a lot more rumors than the inability to find his voice on the phone. However, our daily life without this ability turns into an ordeal. It would seem that we are much more dependent on vision and visual recognition capabilities, but "sound" recognition of the interlocutors and others, is very important for communication.

Additional information: In some studies had used a series of tests to assess the ability of patients fonagnoziey recognize faces, voices, to recognize emotions Emotions and culture: how to decipher the emotional code   in his voice, to perceive speech and music. Tests have shown that they almost do not distinguish between voice, but with the rest of the tests are not bad cope: can detect emotions and recognize the voice of the famous tune (although a loss to name the singers), and even distinguish between musical instruments. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging showed no brain damage, and checking their hearing also confirmed the absence of any abnormalities.

The tree in the lung

When twenty-eight Artyom Sidorkin from Izhevsk went under the surgeon's knife to remove the tumor in the lungs, causing him great pain, and he had no idea that there actually would be .  Doctors and hospital staff were amazed to find a real tree in the lung .  Pyatisantimetrovym tree began to grow in the light of a small seed, which, apparently, accidentally fell into the body, stuck there and grew until, until it was in contact with the capillaries, causing extreme pain .  Surgeon Vladimir Kamashev with the assistant did not immediately believe their eyes, but after fingered plant started to work .  Subsequently, Dr. Kamashev recalled: "At first I thought that I had hallucinations; I asked the assistant to look, "Look, so we've got a tree grows! " .  He, too, was shocked .  I even blinked a few times to check that I was not dreaming " .  The tree was removed, and the patient was happy with the fact that the light had no tumor .  "It was very painful .  But to be honest, I did not feel that within me there is a foreign object, - admitted Sidorkin after surgery .  - I was very glad that it was not cancer " .

Additional information: In 2007, China had a ten doctors found the girl in the right lung real tuft of grass, which as in the case of Artem, getting inside the body and grown into the lung.

Mirror man

Shestidesyatichetyrehletny Ashok Shivnani from the Indian city of Mumbai preparing for surgery on his right kidney, in which he had to remove the tumor semisantimetrovuyu. After the operation began, the doctors were surprised to find that the organs in his body placed "on the contrary" (this is known as a reverse or mirror arrangement of the internal organs). Echocardiogram showed that even large veins extending from the heart and other blood vessels are reversed. "When I first saw the results of echocardiograms, I thought that just keeps them properly. It turned out that the patient does not simply reverse the location of the aorta and the inferior vena cava. Shivnani have discovered a second lower hollow Vienna, departing from the affected kidney cancer Kidney cancer: in the early stages the prognosis is favorable Which connects with the first hollow vein in the lower abdomen. In these circumstances, the operation was particularly difficult to carry out, "- confessed to Dr. Anup Ramani, the surgeon who operated on Shivnani.

Additional Information: Ashok Shivnani - the only living person on the planet with such a rare feature but it is not yet known at least two cases, the mirror arrangement of organs from people who have lived before. It is an American basketball player Randy Foy and Canadian actress Catherine O'Hara. However, in the second case of medical research has been conducted, the actress said in several interviews about his unusual body structure. Interestingly, the "mirror" people feel like normal people, and their "mirror" is found only in the medical examination.

Cytology is the science that studies the cells, their structure, function, reproduction, aging and death. It plays a very important role in the detection of many human diseases. Therefore, cytology is one of the most commonly used species of laboratory diagnostics.

When and why are held cytology

These studies are carried out with the help of a microscope. Here you can see the features of the structure of different cells, as well as to evaluate the cellular composition of any tissue or human biological fluids. So it is possible to detect pathological changes that are characteristic for specific diseases and diagnosis.

Cytology reveals some physiological changes in the body, arising, for example, during pregnancy. Also, this method helps evaluate the hormonal status of the woman, which varies depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle Menstrual cycle and its characteristics .

Cytology is similar to the histological analysis, in which the study of tissue slices. However, the first method for diagnosis requires much less biological material (necessary only single cells or their complexes). Preparations (smears or fingerprints) for cytology prepared quickly, without the aid of special equipment and time-consuming preparation.

With cytological analysis can estimate the change only in a limited area of ​​tissue or organ. At the same time it is impossible to study the relative positions of cells as histologically.

Cytological analysis is carried out in situations where there is no opportunity to perform a biopsy (removal of pieces in vivo tissue or organ), if necessary to carefully study the structure of cells, or quickly get results. Typically, cytological analysis is carried out:

• When mass preventive examinations;
• In order to establish or confirm the diagnosis at any disease;
• In order to establish or confirm the diagnosis during surgery;
• To monitor the effectiveness of treatment, both during the meeting and after its completion;
• For early detection of relapse (resumption) of any disease.

What material is taken for research

Materials for the study may be different. Selecting the method for their preparation depends on the nature of diseased organs and tissues. Typically examined under the microscope:

• Phlegm;
• Urine;
• Juice prostate;
• CSF (prepared from the spinal canal) liquid;
• Amniotic fluid (amniotic fluid);
• Scrapings from various surfaces (for example, from the cervix, with the surface of wounds, ulcers, certain tumors);
• The material that was obtained during endoscopic examination of the bronchi, stomach, intestines;
• Fluid from joints and serous cavities (peritoneal, pleural, pericardial);
• Material obtained by puncture of various organs (e.g., breast, lymph nodes);
• Fingerprints on the surface of the cut during the operation of the remote.

Oncocytology

With cytology can determine whether a person has cancer. This method allows to determine the nature of the pathological process: a precancerous condition, benign or malignant tumor type.

Identify the initial stages of cancer Breast cancer - the verdict?   any organ, when there are no pronounced symptoms of the disease usually occurs via cytology. X-ray and ultrasound studies in this period usually give little information about the changes in the affected organs.

Cytology allows you to select a method of treating cancer (operational, radiation techniques, chemotherapy Chemotherapy - it always falls the hair?   or a combination thereof). This is due to the fact that tumors arising from different cells respond differently to different types of treatment.

Cytology in gynecology

The frequency of this gynecology cytology as a Pap smear. This test can determine whether the vagina and cervix cancer or precancerous cells.

Women over thirty years, especially those who have previously been diagnosed papilloma virus Papilloma - do not treat lightly   a person with a high degree of cancer risk, should be required to undergo this study. The first test should be done through three years of becoming sexually active or after the execution of twenty-one years (whichever occurs first), then the study is repeated annually. If during the last three years in the smears are not detected abnormalities, the test may be performed less often, every two or three years. This rule should be followed up to sixty-five years old, and then, provided that all the results were negative, the test is not possible to perform.

The smear using special cervical brush is taken from three areas of the mucous membrane: the vaults of the vagina, the outer surface of the cervix and from the cervical (cervical) channel. Thereafter, each sample was applied to the glass, dried and sent to the laboratory.

The test can be negative or positive. In the former case, the cells are defined the same shape and size, which corresponds to normal. If there are cells that are not like the others, the smear is considered positive.

There are several classes of changes in the smear:

• First Class: a normal cell picture mucosal lesions not;
• Second class: cell changes that have occurred as a result of inflammation;
• Third grade: suspected malignant process (some modified cells nucleus and cytoplasm);
• Fourth grade: defined cells with obvious signs of malignant transformation;
• Fifth grade: a large number of cancer cells, and the diagnosis of cancer is beyond doubt.

Cytology how science is used in many fields of medicine. Through research of cellular material, you can quickly establish a diagnosis and to select the appropriate method of treatment.