Bladder cancer - is the growth of abnormal cells in the bladder - a spherical body of the pelvis, which is stored and held up urine urination. Bladder cancer often starts in the cells lining the inner surface of the bladder. Bladder Cancer usually strikes older people, though it can occur at any age.

Most bladder cancers are diagnosed at an early stage, when the disease is treatable, but even in this case, a high probability of relapse. Therefore, people who recover from bladder cancer for years after treatment should undergo regular re-examination to detect recurrent disease in the early stages.

Symptoms of bladder roar

Distinguish the following symptoms of bladder cancer:

blood in the urine (hematuria) - urine may be dark yellow, bright red or brown; or color of the urine is normal, but the study found blood in the urine;

• frequent urination;
• pain with urination;
• urinary tract infections;
• stomach ache;
• back pain.

When you need to see a doctor

In the presence of blood in urine Blood in the urine - a reason for serious concern As well as the appearance of other disturbing symptoms should immediately seek medical attention.

Causes of bladder cancer

Causes of bladder cancer is not always possible to establish, but we know that cancer occurs in smokers more often than non-smokers. Bladder cancer is also associated with the parasitic infections, exposure to radiation or chemicals. Bladder cancer occurs when normal cells in the bladder Urinary bladder - structure and function   exhibit anomalous activity: instead of to grow and divide, they mutate and grow, not otmiraya. These abnormal cells are grown up and form a tumor.

Types of bladder cancer

Type of bladder cancer is determined by the cell type in which it begins. Cancer can affect various types of cells of the bladder. The type of cancer of the bladder determines the most effective course of treatment. The following types of bladder cancer:

• urothelial carcinoma Carcinoma - how to prevent disaster?   (transitional cell carcinoma). Transitional cell carcinoma arises in the cells lining the bladder. Transitional cells expand when your bladder is full and shrink when it is emptied. These cells line the inner surface of the ureter and urethra, so the tumor may be formed there. Transitional cell carcinoma - the most common type of bladder cancer.
• squamous cell carcinoma. The flat cells are formed in the bladder as a result of infection and irritation. Over time, they may become cancerous. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is found mainly in countries where specific common parasitic infection (bilharzia).
• adenocarcinoma. Adenocarcinoma starts in the glandular cells of the bladder. Adenocarcinoma of the bladder - a rare type of cancer (2% of the total number of cases).

Some types of bladder cancer affects several cell types.

Risk factors

It is not clear what causes bladder cancer, but doctors have identified factors that may increase the risk of this disease. Risk factors include:

• age. Risk of bladder cancer increases with age. The disease can occur at any age but is rare in people under the age of 40 years.
• floor. In men, cancer of the bladder occurs 4 times more often than women.
• smoking. Smoking cigarettes, cigars or pipes may increase the risk of cancer of the bladder, since it leads to accumulation of urine in the harmful chemicals. When you smoke, your body absorbs contained in tobacco smoke chemicals and displays some of them in the urine. These hazardous chemicals can damage the lining of the bladder, thereby increasing the risk of cancer.
• carcinogenic effects of chemicals such as those used in the woodworking industry as well as in the manufacture of rubber and textiles. These chemicals include arsenic and substances used in the manufacture of dyes, rubber, leather and paint products
• cancer history. Acceptance of anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) increases the risk of bladder cancer. Patients who have undergone radiation therapy are at an increased risk of bladder cancer.
• chronic inflammation of the bladder Inflammation of the bladder - inconvenient and unpleasant . Chronic or recurrent infections or inflammation (cystitis), bladder may occur with prolonged use of a urinary catheter. Infections and inflammation increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.
• cases of bladder cancer in the family. If you have had cancer of the bladder, the probability of relapse. Also at increased risk are people whose relatives have been diagnosed with this disease, although this is quite rare.

  Cancer of the throat - is cancers that develop in the area of ​​the larynx, oropharynx and nasopharynx. The pharynx is a muscular tube about 12 centimeters in length, located between the esophagus and oral cavity, it is part of the breathing tube. Oropharynx - part of the throat located between the soft palate and hyoid bone. The larynx connects the throat to the windpipe and voice box contains. On top of the larynx is connected with the cavity of the throat, the bottom - with the trachea. Cancer of the throat may also affect the epiglottic cartilage, performing the function of the valve breathing tube. Cancer of the tonsils, is another kind of throat cancer affects the tonsils - paired clusters of lymphoid tissue located in the mucous membrane on the border of the mouth, nose and throat.

Smoking, chewing tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption increases the risk of cancer of the throat.

Symptoms of throat cancer

By common symptoms of throat cancer include:

• cough;
• changes in voice, such as hoarseness;
• difficulty swallowing;
• ear pain;
• seal or pain that does not go;
• a sore throat;
• weight loss.

When you need to see a doctor

Consult your doctor if you find yourself new symptoms with a permanent character. Most of the symptoms of cancer Symptoms of cancer: time to recognize the disease - a guarantee of recovery   throat are not specific for cancer, so doctors will offer general medical examination in order to identify other, more common diseases.

Causes of throat cancer

Throat cancer occurs when cells are formed in the throat of genetic mutation. These mutations cause the uncontrolled cell growth and continue to grow and develop even after the death of healthy cells. These cell tumors form a tumor in his throat. It is not clear what causes the mutation of cells, but doctors have identified several factors that increase the risk of mutation.

Types of throat cancer

Throat cancer - is a general term used to refer to cancers in the throat (cancer of the pharynx) or voice machine (laryngeal cancer). The throat and vocal cords are closely related, as the voice box is located just below the throat. There are the following specific types of throat cancer, depending on the affected area:

• Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Carcinoma - how to prevent disaster?   (nasopharyngeal cancer) begins in the nasopharynx - the upper part of the pharynx, which enters through the nose inhaled air.
• Oropharyngeal carcinoma (cancer of the oropharynx) begins in the oropharynx - part of the respiratory tract that connects the nasal cavity to the throat.
• Hypopharyngeal carcinoma (cancer subesophageal space) begins in subesophageal space (hypopharynx) - this is the bottom part of the pharynx (throat), located above the trachea (breathing tube) and the esophagus (the tube that connects the throat to the stomach).
• Cancer begins in the vocal cords vocal cords.
• Cancer supraglottal space begins at the top of the larynx and affects the epiglottis - a flexible cartilage that covers the entrance to the larynx during swallowing, thus preventing food from entering the lower respiratory tract.
• Cancer sublingual space begins at the bottom of the vocal apparatus, under the vocal cords.

Risk factors

Factors that increase the risk of developing throat cancer:

• use of tobacco products, including smoking and chewing tobacco;
• excessive alcohol consumption;
• poor oral hygiene Oral hygiene - not only in the dentist's chair ;
• human papillomavirus (HPV);
• lack of fruit and vegetables in the diet;
• Inhalation of asbestos - a natural fiber used in some manufacturing industries.

Diagnosis of throat cancer

From the early detection of tumors depends the success of cancer treatment Cancer Treatment - difficult, but necessary   throat. Therefore, the appearance of the symptoms described above should apply to otorhinolaryngology. Already during the inspection of the pharynx can suggest the presence of cancer, but to clarify the diagnosis is necessary to conduct a number of additional studies, including:

Fibroscopy nasopharynx. The doctor examines the upper respiratory tract using endoscopic instruments. Attached to the endoscope mini video camera transmits the image on the screen. This procedure allows to examine the tumor and take a biopsy material.

Cytology (biopsy). If during an endoscopy or laryngoscopy detected abnormality, the doctor takes a sample of the affected tissue for biopsy. The sample is sent to a lab for testing. Biopsy reveals cancer cells in the scraping or mucous.

Ultrasound, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging. These methods allow the survey to determine the safe and painless lymph node enlargement and changes in the tissues adjacent to the tumor.