What are the causes of cancer and its appearance

Carcinoma - a malignant tumor that affects the epithelial cells of the skin and internal organs.

The epithelium is the tissue that covers the surface of the body and is lined with mucous membranes of his internal organs, and the cells are most glands (glandular epithelium). Beneath the epithelium is the connective tissue from which the epithelium is clearly separated by a basement membrane. The epithelium may be different, depending on where it is located.

The organs of the human body can be developed several different types of carcinomas, for example, the skin may develop squamous or basal cell carcinoma in the glands (e.g., breast, prostate) - adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma and so on.

All cancers have in common is that the cells from which they are composed, lose all the "skills" of the cells from which they originated (in this case, epithelial cells), and acquire the ability to multiply very rapidly. As a result of this is the rapid growth of the tumor lesion, both the body and the other surrounding and distant (in which such cells are transported through the blood and lymph) bodies.

Currently causes malignant tumor are unknown, but are well known substances or environmental factors that may "run" the formation of malignant tumor Malignant tumor: cells are mad   (carcinogens). This different chemicals (including some medications), ionizing radiation, viruses, hormones. Not least important are genetic predisposition. Acting on cells such factors cause disruption of the structure of its DNA, resulting in cell reborn and acquires new properties.

Manifestations carcinoma

Manifestations carcinoma depends on where it is located, the rapidity of its growth and metastasis (the transition to the distant parts of the body). Common signs of this process are to reduce weight, appetite, fatigue, prolonged fever, lack of blood hemoglobin and red blood cells (anemia or anemia).

If the cancer is in the skin, then it is seen clearly limited bundle with a smooth surface, surrounded by a semi-transparent area. In the future, this place can ulcerate and crust. Such tumors are usually inclined to grow into the surrounding tissue, but rarely metastasizes Metastasis - danger everywhere   in distant organs (basal cell carcinoma). Another type of skin carcinoma - squamous cell carcinoma, it is characterized by rapid growth and metastasis.

Carcinoma of the lung is characterized by changes in voice, difficulty swallowing and passage of food through the esophagus, persistent cough, pain in the chest or abdomen.

When adenocarcinoma of the breast appears the breast and seal spotting Spotting - it is important to rule out pathology   nipple, prostate - bleeding from the bladder, and difficulty urinating. Adenocarcinoma of the uterus usually occurs in postmenopausal women against the background of changes in hormone levels in the blood and appears uterine bleeding Uterine bleeding outside of menstruation - a sign of a serious breach .

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis of carcinomas also depends on its location. But any arrangement trying to take a piece of tumor tissue for research to identify atypical (lost properties of fabrics, of which there were) cells.

To clarify the nature and distribution of the process is also used X-ray, ultrasound and endoscopy (the study of tissues of the internal organs through a special optical instrument) methods.

Operation Policy Pay after a thorough examination and to identify all possible metastatic foci, thus removed not only the tumor but also the surrounding tissue and nearby lymph nodes. Surgery may be an independent kind of treatment (at the early stages of the disease), or combined with other methods.

Radiation therapy is used to treat carcinomas sensitive to radiation and to effect on distant metastases. This results in damage and death of tumor cells.

Chemotherapy - is the use of drugs that have a damaging effect on the tumor tissue. In most cases surgical complementary chemotherapy and radiation therapy by applying the various stages of treatment.

Remember identify carcinoma in the early stages of development and proper, timely treatment usually results in complete recovery of the patient.

  Galina Romanenko

Cancer of the colon is not uncommon, it is more than a tenth of all malignant tumors of the intestine. In the bottom (end) parts of colon cancer is more common than in the upper (primary) departments, but it is easier to identify the cancer is still there where the closest access - in the rectum.

The colon is a tube length of one and a half meters and more, a diameter of 7-15 cm at the beginning and not more than 6 cm at the end, in the region of the rectum. In the colon are six departments: the blind, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid and straight. Rectum - is the final part of the colon, the length of which is equal to about 15 cm. The rectum is divided into three parts: the top (nadampulyarnuyu, up to 5 cm), medium (vial, up to 10 cm) and lower (anal canal length to 4 cm).

Colon cancer most often affects people over the age of 50 years, met often enough. The causes of cancer are long flowing inflammatory bowel disease, degenerated benign tumors, prolonged exposure to certain toxic chemicals. Of particular importance is the power. Dining with long breaks, eat cold food, with lots of meat, fat, carbohydrate - such food is barely moving through the intestines, it is delayed, exerting a negative impact on the intestinal wall, some toxic substances at the same time re-absorbed, causing metabolic disorders. But the basis for the formation of cancer most often genetic and structural features of the intestinal metabolism Metabolism: The basis of life of all living things .

Signs

A feature of bowel cancer at any site is that it begins unnoticed by the patient. Often this disease can be detected in a state of neglect.

When colon cancer usually appear earlier than other common signs of cancer of any location, due to metabolic disorders: weight loss, weakness, poor health, lack of appetite, anemia, fever. With the defeat of the initial part of the large intestine (cecum and ascending colon), all these signs are increasing over time, as local manifestations almost there. If the cancer affects the descending or sigmoid colon, and there are local signs of illness - abdominal pain Abdominal pain: Types and Symptoms , Bloating, constipation, diarrhea, mucus, blood in the stool with an unpleasant odor.

If the patient does not receive timely adequate treatment, the cancer can grow on the neighboring organs and tissues to metastasize to the lymph nodes located near Lymph nodes - what keeps our immune system   and distant organs. Cancer of the cecum often metastasizes to the liver, cancer of the sigmoid colon and rectum - to the lungs.

How it is detected and treated colon cancer

The diagnosis of colon cancer is made by an integrated diagnostic examination. Spend a colonoscopy Preparing and conducting a colonoscopy: the risks and alternatives   (study of the intestinal mucosa with a special optical instrument), bowel radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound and laboratory (study of feces) diagnostics.

Colon cancer is treated using modern complex techniques. Typically, first held a preparatory course of radiation therapy, and then do the operation (removing part of the intestine to nearby lymph nodes), and then usually re-radiation therapy. However, this order may be different - it all depends on the patient's condition.

How is

Rectal cancer in most cases is located in the middle section of the rectum (in a vial), and looks like a polyp or ulcer. Cancer of the upper part of the rectum often circularly surrounds this part of the rectum in the form of a ring, narrowing its lumen. Cancer of the lower rectum has the ability to grow into the surrounding soft tissue.

Rectal cancer begins slowly, so it is not seen for a long time sick. The warning symptoms of the patient can occur when intestinal obstruction or metastasis to other organs.

Unlike other parts of the cancer of the colon rectal cancer symptoms first appear local. This pain, bleeding and discharge with an unpleasant odor from the rectum. Common cancer symptoms (weight loss, malaise, weakness, anemia) appear after local and are a sign of an advanced stage.

How it is detected and treated rectal cancer

The diagnosis of colorectal cancer is much easier to deliver than cancers of other parts of the colon, as it can already be suspected on the basis of medical examination and digital examination of the rectum. After that, the patient is assigned to a sigmoidoscopy (examination of the inside surface of the colon using an optical apparatus), X-rays of the rectum, ultrasound, radioisotope and laboratory diagnostics.

Colorectal cancer is treated comprehensively: surgery (partial or total removal of the rectum) in combination with radiation therapy and chemotherapy (anticancer drugs appointment).

Bowel cancer - is not such a rare phenomenon, so you should pay attention to their health, especially in the second half of life.

Galina Romanenko