Antibiotics in the treatment of pulmonary inflammation Pneumonia - Treatment in hospital   (pneumonia) have a direct impact on the cause of the disease. This treatment is called etiotropic, it is fundamental in the treatment of pneumonia. To to choose the right antibiotic Antibiotics - whether they will help you in the foreseeable future?   then linked drugs that relieve certain symptoms of the disease (symptomatic treatment). Preparations for the symptomatic treatment should be combined with the use of antibiotics.

As selected antibiotics to treat pneumonia

Acute pneumonia - a disease that requires immediate appointment of antibacterial drugs without waiting for test results. Therefore, patients with suspected pneumonia initially take the sputum (by seeding on nutrient media revealed the causative agent and its sensitivity to antibiotics), and then, immediately afterwards, prescribe antibiotics.

What antibiotics are assigned in such a case? First of all, it should be a broad-spectrum antibiotics Broad-spectrum antibiotics - not only treat but also cripple . In addition, certain types of infectious agents cause disease with typical symptoms. For example, pneumococcal lobar pneumonia, staphylococcal pneumonia are quite typical symptoms, which your doctor may suggest exactly how the disease is caused by an infectious agent, and which antibiotic is suitable for this most.

After receiving the results of the study patients underwent sputum correction treatment. If the assigned antibiotic exhibits sufficient efficacy, the patient continues to receive it. If the efficiency is low, and laboratory studies show that there is an antibiotic sensitivity to infectious agents which are much higher, the treatment changed.

Which groups of antibiotics used in the treatment of pneumonia

Generally, pathogens, "guilty" in the development of pneumonia, are sensitive to different groups of antibiotics.

In the treatment of pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (the most common pathogens as croupous and focal pneumonia) used penicillin antibiotics: ampicillin, amoxicillin (flemoksin soljutab and others), amoxiclav (Augmentin) and others. If pneumococci exhibit resistance (insensitivity) to penicillin, then prescribe antibiotics cephalosporin (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone) and macrolides (sumamed, vilprafen).

Staphylococcal pneumonia - in this case to choose a drug without laboratory analysis is very difficult, as the pathogenic species of staphylococci are often insensitive to many types of antibiotics. Basically Staphylococcus are sensitive to cephalosporin antibiotics, but sometimes exhibit sensitivity to other drugs.

Pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenzae - drugs of choice are semisynthetic penicillins, protected from destruction by enzymes, which highlights the Haemophilus influenzae. Such antibiotics include amoksiklav Amoxiclav - an effective tool against infections   (Augmentin), which include a semisynthetic penicillin and clavulanic acid amoksiklav protecting it from destruction. In addition, Haemophilus influenzae is sensitive to macrolides (Sumamed) and fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin).

Mycoplasma and Chlamydia pneumonia are treated with antibiotics tetracycline (mainly doxycycline), macrolides (sumamed, vilprafen) and fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin). Legionella pneumonia can be treated with macrolides and fluoroquinolones. When pneumonia is caused by E. coli, mainly effective cephalosporin antibiotics.

Terms of appointment

In some cases, administration of the antibiotic was changed to more efficient. Indications for such replacement are:

• lack of therapeutic effect within the first two or three days after the start of the drug;
• development of antibiotic side effects, cause serious disturbances in the body of the patient;
• high toxicity of the antibiotic, which makes it impossible to prolonged use. The course of antibiotic treatment in uncomplicated forms of pneumonia should be continued for at least ten days (in mild cases it is sometimes quite a week). Treatment of Mycoplasma, Legionella and Chlamydia pneumonia, even with good condition of the patient should be continued for at least a month.

The duration of treatment of complicated pneumonia is determined individually and depends on the patient's condition.

In the treatment of pneumonia, antibiotics play a crucial role.

Galina Romanenko

Hyperventilation - a condition which is characterized by too rapid and / or deep breathing. Such breathing may lead to imbalance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, which in turn causes shortness of breath, dizziness, weakness and other symptoms.

Usually an adult makes 8 to 16 breaths per minute. Exceeding this figure may indicate hyperventilation. Hyperventilation can occur in anyone, regardless of age and other factors.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms of hyperventilation are:

• Bloating;
• Belching;
• Sleep disorders Dreams: how to understand our dreams ;
• Dizziness;
• Dry mouth;
• Lightheadedness;
• Numbness or tingling in different parts of the body;
• Heart palpitations;
• Shortness of breath and / or rapid breathing;
• Weakness.

In some cases, hyperventilation points to a life-threatening condition. However, it may be accompanied by the following symptoms:

• Chest pain;
• Severe shortness of breath;
• Fever;
• Muscle cramps;
• Strong pain;
• Uncontrolled bleeding.

Causes

Typically, there is hyperventilation by stress How to beat stress? Create an oasis , Anxiety and panic disorders. However, it may be other reasons.

Psychological causes hyperventilation:

• Anxiety;
• Nervousness;
• Panic attacks;
• Psychosomatic disorders;
• Stress;
• Strong emotions such as anger and depression.

Somatic diseases, which can cause hyperventilation:

• Asthma and allergies;
• Bleeding;
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including emphysema and chronic bronchitis;
• Congestive heart failure (impaired ability of the heart to pump blood);
• Myocardial infarction;
• Pneumonia;
• Pulmonary embolism.

Other causes of hyperventilation:

• Diabetic ketoacidosis (a life-threatening complication of diabetes);
• Drug use;
• Infections;
• Side effects of medicines;
• Pain;
• Pregnancy;
• Abuse of stimulants.

To reduce the risk of hyperventilation, it is recommended to exercise regularly and breathing exercises, learn about various relaxation techniques. Those who have bouts of hyperventilation is often the case, you must notify the family members and friends. In addition, they need to know what steps you should take if you start hyperventilating.

Diagnostics

In the diagnosis of hyperventilation may be used: a blood test for levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide, chest X-ray, computed tomography and / or electrocardiogram.

Treatment

For the treatment of hyperventilation necessary to increase the volume of carbon dioxide in the blood. For this purpose, as a rule, it is sufficient for several minutes to breathe through one nostril breathing or breathing high latency.

Those who hyperventilation is associated with panic attacks Panic attacks - fear of nowhere   or anxiety Anxiety - how to distinguish normal from disease? , Psychological counseling can help.

At very frequent and / or severe hyperventilation appointed medication.

As an alternative method of treatment can be recommended acupuncture, massage, or yoga. As a rule, they can not replace the treatment methods of conventional medicine, but often bring considerable relief.

Complications

Since hyperventilation leads to an imbalance of oxygen and carbon dioxide needed by the body to function properly, it can cause serious and even life-threatening complications. Some of these complications include:

• Loss of consciousness;
• Panic;
• The inability to cope with their daily activities.