Fracture pelvis - a fairly common injury, in addition, potentially dangerous, as in the pelvic region is home to many important organs. In one of the two main risk groups most prone to this injury are teenagers, especially those who are actively involved in sports. What is often referred to as "muscle pull" may in fact be a fracture of the pelvis, which occurred as a result of sudden muscle contraction. This type of fracture does hipbone unstable and does not damage the internal organs.

In addition, the risk of pelvic fracture prone elderly people with osteoporosis Osteoporosis - he threatens you? . In people with the disease fracture may occur as a result of even minor trauma, which a healthy person would pass without a trace. Such injuries usually do not violate the structural integrity of the pelvic ring, but lead to a fracture of a single bone.

Symptoms

Pelvic fracture causes pain, swelling, and bruising. Sometimes the injury, which resulted in a fractured, causing bleeding and shock. In this case, you need to call an ambulance.

Small cracks in the pelvis often do not cause any symptoms, or only occasional pain, which the patient does not pay special attention.

For the diagnosis of pelvic fracture is necessary to make some x-rays from different angles. To identify the fracture caused by soft tissue injuries using computed tomography.

Treatment

Unbiased pelvic fractures are usually treated without the use of surgical methods. The patient must wear a special locking device and use crutches. If the treatment goes well, the bone is reduced for three months or less. For the relief of symptoms can be assigned to receive painkillers. Due to the relatively long restraints doctors also prescribe blood thinners to prevent blood clots in leg veins.

Serious fractures of the pelvis - the offset and / or open, are often life-threatening injuries, because they can cause severe bleeding and damage to internal organs. In such cases, of course, require surgical intervention - primarily to stabilize the patient's condition. Only after that the doctors are directly involved in the treatment of fractures of the pelvis. Typically, it straightens using whole combination of metal brackets and bolts by which bone fragments are held in place. After surgery, prolonged immobilization is required that the bone is fully fused.

Forecast

Pelvic fractures usually heal very well. If the fracture is accompanied by severe damage to the surrounding tissue, the patient may be very limp for quite a long time - the muscles, ligaments and tendons will slowly recover and return to its former strength. Sometimes damage of the nervous tissue as a result of a fracture of the pelvis results in chronic pain, damage to certain joint and / or sexual dysfunction.

Dislocation of the patella in which the patella is displaced from its normal position, is especially common in women. In many cases this is the result of a serious injury, but dislocation can happen even if you just stumble. High heels increase the likelihood of multiple dislocation of the patella.

Symptoms

The symptoms of patellar dislocation are usually:

• Noticeable deformation of the knee;
• Inability to bend or straighten the leg;
• Pain in the knee;
• Swelling in the knee;
• Changes in gait.

If patellar dislocation occurred for the first time, the victim usually feels severe pain and can not walk properly. However, if a dislocation occurs frequently and the patient does not go to the doctor, the pain of repeated sprains Dislocation - Prevention and Treatment   It becomes significantly weaker. This is by no means a reason to refuse medical treatment. Frequent patellar dislocation can cause serious damage to the knee joint.

Diagnosis and treatment

Another reason for going to the doctor is that the symptoms of a fracture dislocation and symptoms are often very similar. To make sure that the patient really sprain, the doctor will take a few x-rays of the knee. It may require magnetic resonance imaging, to make sure that the patient has to damaged cartilage and soft tissue.

If the diagnostics showed no fractures and other serious injuries, patellar dislocation can be edited by closed reduction. In very rare cases, it may be necessary surgery - usually this is due to dislocation associated soft tissue injuries.

Typically, recovery of dislocation takes about three weeks, but sometimes can last for 6-10 weeks, and even more - it depends on the age and general health of the patient. Typically, the pain goes away almost immediately after the repositioning of the patella. However, if the unpleasant symptoms persist, you can take non-prescription pain relievers. If the pain persists, and a week after the dislocation, should consult a doctor.

To reduce the risk of dislocation of the patella in the future, during sports should wear comfortable shoes and if possible, use knee pads. Regular exercise, in compliance with safety regulations, also help prevent patellar dislocation.

Recovery of patients after fracture of the shoulder joint will depend upon such factors as the type of fracture, the presence of soft tissue damage and / or radial nerve. What matters, and how much time elapsed between the time of injury and the beginning of treatment. Complete recovery usually takes no more than three or four months.

Types of fractures of the humerus

• Fractures of the proximal part of the humerus is usually the result of falling on his shoulder and may be accompanied by dislocation Dislocation - Prevention and Treatment   shoulder. This injury is especially common among older women due to osteoporosis Osteoporosis - he threatens you? Which is associated with hormonal changes after menopause. Because of the structure of the proximal part of the bone fracture it may be accompanied by a significant bone deformities.
• Fractures of the diaphysis of the humerus often occur as a result of road accidents. Because this is very close to the radius portion of the radial nerve passes, it may be damaged both during injury and during treatment. This can lead to additional complications.
• Fractures of the distal part of the humerus occur in road traffic accidents or a fall from a height. The result of such a fracture, even surgical treatment may be instability of the shoulder joint. Fractures of this type are divided into extra-articular and intra-articular (fracture bone portion, which is part of the elbow).

Symptoms

The humerus fracture is often left in place by the pressure of the bone located above it. However, the functionality of the hand at the same time seriously violated; the patient feels severe pain when trying to move his hand. Two to three hours after the injury appears edema Prevention and treatment of edema - it is important to understand the root cause   and hematoma in the area of ​​the fracture.

If you suspect a fracture of the humerus as soon as possible to see a doctor.

Treatment

One of the main problems in the treatment of fractures of the humerus is the prevention of the radial nerve. For this bone must as soon as possible to fix in the correct position and immobilize a certain time.

More severe fractures of the humerus treated surgically. In the treatment of shaft fractures of the humerus physicians must verify the integrity of the radial nerve before and after surgery.

Surgery for intra-articular fractures of the humerus is extremely difficult; its proper conduct can prevent the need for surgery to replace the elbow in the future.

The structure of the humerus

The humerus - a long bone, the top of the cylinder, the bottom of the triangular. In her distinguished body (diaphysis), the two ends (epiphysis), the internal front, the front and rear outer surfaces, the inner and outer edges. At the proximal end (on what is closer to the top of the limb) distinguish the humerus head of the humerus, anatomical neck, large and small hillocks, below which are the crests of hillocks. A slight narrowing below the head is called the surgical neck.

On either side of the distal (distant) epiphysis are external and internal epicondyles (projections), as well as the articular surface for articulation with the bones of the forearm.

Types of fractures of the humerus

Fractures of the humerus is divided into indoor and outdoor, including gunshot. Most fractures of the shoulder up closed fractures, including fractures of the proximal distinction (top) end of the humerus (intra-articular and extra-articular), diaphysis and distal (lower) end thereof (intra and extra-articular).

Intra-articular fractures of the proximal end of the humerus

There are fractures of the humeral head, the anatomical neck, head and chrezbugorkovye epiphysiolysis fractures. These fractures are rare, mainly in the elderly and epiphysiolysis (destruction of sprout cartilage bone after trauma) - in children. They arise mainly when hitting the front or perednenaruzhnoy surface of the shoulder joint, and in the fall, with a focus on his elbow.

When intraarticular fractures appears Pain and swelling in the joint, pain with pressure on the head of the humerus bone at the fracture site, or with pressure on the elbow. Active arm movement is usually impossible. When fractures offset revealed crepitus (creaking) fragments.

Intra-articular fractures, especially impacted and without displacement of fragments, it is difficult to radiographically identifiable, they can be identified only when the images are made in two projections (from two different angles). For fractures with displacement of fragments of closed reduction performed under local or general anesthesia, surgery rarely used. After this plaster cast is applied in two - three weeks, and then appointed by physiotherapy and massage.

Extra-articular fractures of the proximal end of the humerus

The most common fractures in the area of ​​surgical neck of the humerus. Depending on the mechanism of injury and the type of displacement of bone fragments they can be abduction, adduktsionnymi, ekstenzionnymi (at the time of extension) and atypical.

The most common abduction and adduktsionnye fractures. Abduction fracture occurs when you fall on the arm when it is extracted from the body, for it is typical distance bone fragments at an angle open laterally and posteriorly, displacement of the distal (distant) fragment medially.

Adduktsionny fracture (more common in children) comes from falling into the hands when casting shoulder to the body, while noting the displacement of bone fragments at an angle open medially, the displacement of the distal fragment vnaruzhi.

Often surgical neck fractures are impacted. In this pain reaction is less pronounced than in nevkolochennyh fractures and shoulder movements are transferred to the head of the shoulder - it can feel when it is probing. Bone crepitation Crepitus - a very serious symptom   (creaking) when moving offline.

Confirm the diagnosis using X-rays. For fractures without displacement to reduce pain arm, bent at the elbow, to tie a scarf, placing the roller in the axillary region. Under the influence of gravity of the hand in a vertical position of the victim in relaxation of muscles of the shoulder, and the gradual normalization of the axis of the humerus. Fractures of the shoulder surgical neck offset can be treated in the following ways: by skeletal traction (inserting a needle into fragments), by simultaneous closed reduction or by open reduction (surgery), followed by casting of.

Fractures of the body of the humerus

Fractures of the body of the humerus (diaphysis) are common, especially in the middle. The offset is determined by the level of the fracture fragments and the reduction of the corresponding muscles. The diagnosis is confirmed by X-rays. Treatment - normally closed reposition of bone fragments, followed by casting of or skeletal traction for 4-6 weeks followed by physiotherapy and physiotherapy.

First aid for fractures of the humerus

At the turn of the shoulder of the victim should be taken to hospital, but before it is necessary to transport the immobilization of a limb.

For fractures of the humerus in the upper third of the immobilization is carried out as follows: the arm bent at the elbow at an acute angle so that the brush lay on the opposite side of the nipple. Forearm hung on the headscarf, and the shoulder is fixed to the body with a bandage.

When the bone shaft fractures impose a transport bus (or any long object pribintovyvayut) on two joints (elbow and shoulder) pribintovyvayut it to the hand and body.

Galina Romanenko