It is not necessary to consider depression solely attribute the adult world. Depression happens in children, even at an early age. Ask your toddler about his feelings and thoughts. Talk to you incomprehensible behavior of a child with a pediatrician and share with him their concerns.

In most cases, several visits to the family doctor to help solve the problem of childhood depression. Sometimes depression can be caused by one or another disease or disorder. To determine the causes of depression, the doctor will conduct a general medical examination of the child and referral for blood tests Blood tests: a mirror of health .

How to recognize depression in children and adolescents?

Depression in toddlers and preschool children is manifested in the absence of appetite and rapid weight loss. You may also notice that the child has lost interest in hobbies, and does not want to play.

Depression in children of school age manifests itself somewhat differently - in addition to other typical symptoms, they have seen the loss of confidence. Children often see themselves as "poor" and unable to do anything right. Teens with depression Depression - a little more than a bad mood   become indifferent to themselves or family members, but not drop out of school, parents and fulfill orders his daily duties, lose interest in once-favorite activities. Older children can also have more or less than usual, sleep more or less than before.

In some children, depression is manifested only frequent headaches Headache: Causes and Complications   or abdominal pain Abdominal pain: Types and Symptoms , Reluctance to go to school or tantrums. If these symptoms every day for a long time (e.g., several weeks), it is possible that the child is suffering from depression.

What causes depression in children and adolescents?

Here are some of the causes of depression in children and adolescents:

• Moving to a new place and turn familiar surroundings
• Moving to another school
• The death of a pet, friend or family member
• Serious illness of a family member
• Hormonal changes during puberty

How can we help children and adolescents suffering from depression?

Medical treatment, counseling therapist, or a combination of these treatments often helps children recover from depression. In this state, the children necessarily have to go consult a psychologist, psychotherapist or psychiatrist to help identify the cause of depression. Family counseling is also very effective and helps all family members. When treating pediatric depression should not be neglected and Drug Administration. In most cases, a favorable outcome provided the combination of drug and psychotherapy.

According to statistics, 7% of girls and 2% of boys until the age of six years, at least once the inflammation of the bladder Inflammation of the bladder - inconvenient and unpleasant . The development of inflammation of the bladder in children allegedly associated with constipation, fecal incontinence, and infrequent urination. In most cases, the inflammation caused by infections, the most common - monomikrobnymi.

The most common causative agents of a bladder infection in children are: Escherichia coli (60-80% of cases), Proteus (most common in boys), Klebsiella, Enterococcus, and coagulase-negative staphylococci.

Symptoms of bladder infection in children

In older children, symptoms of inflammation of the bladder are various urinary disorders (frequent urination, the allocation of a relatively small amount of urine), as well as complaints of pain in the lower abdomen. Infants commonly observed non-specific symptoms, such as fever, irritability Irritability - you try to control my temper , Jaundice, vomiting, and sometimes even a slight delay in development.

Diagnostics

Children with suspected bladder infection and a high probability of urinary tract infections to do a urine culture (or urine culture). If the probability of infection is low (there are no major symptoms) - can be quite rapid analysis of urine. Rapid analysis allows to eliminate the infection if it will give a negative result. If the result is positive, accurate diagnosis is necessary to do a urine culture.

A blood test as an additional method of diagnosis is usually not required, but it may be recommended if the child is less than two years, and if the child were found in the urine of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus group B.

A few years ago, almost all children, who revealed inflammation of the bladder caused by an infection, it was recommended to pass an additional examination with the use of medical imaging techniques. However, studies have shown that in most cases, such screening does not affect the selection of methods of treatment and, as a consequence, the outcome of therapy. Today medical imaging, typically ultrasonography, most often used for examination of children with recurrent bladder infection.

Treatment

For the treatment of an infection of the bladder are commonly used antibiotics. The drug of first choice for children over two months is amoxicillin. Dose is assigned based on the rate of 20-40 mg per 1 kg body weight of the child. The drug is taken three times a day. Other antibiotics for the treatment of inflammation of the bladder Treatment of inflammation of the bladder   children:

• Cefixime (Suprax) - 8 mg per 1 kg body weight, twice per day;
• Cefpodoxime (Vantin) - 10 mg per 1 kg body weight, twice per day;
• Cephalexin (Keflex) - 50-100 mg per 1 kg of body weight four times a day;
• Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole - 6-12 mg per 1 kg of body weight / 30-60 mg per 1 kg body weight, twice a day.

The optimal duration of treatment has not been established. Typically, duration of treatment is most effective, however, due to the characteristics of the child's body, it also may not be the safest.

Non-infectious inflammation of the bladder

This disorder, which is also known as interstitial cystitis Interstitial cystitis - inflammation of the bladder Occurs in children is rare, yet such cases are not exceptions to the rule. Symptoms like infectious inflammation of the bladder associated with disorder of urination. Diagnosis of interstitial cystitis in children is complicated by the fact that doctors often attribute the symptoms of other disorders. The cause of this disease is unknown; most likely, here plays a big role genetic factors.