Lincomycin is used in pediatric practice, but not too wide. It is an antibiotic of the second row, that is, he was appointed only after the pre-crop biological material on nutrient media and detection sensitivity to infectious agents. Most often it is used as a replacement if the detected resistance (lack of sensitivity) of infectious agents to the antibiotic that was prescribed initially.

What diseases are more common in children and how to treat

The most common diseases treated on an outpatient basis, are diseases of upper respiratory tract, and broncho-pulmonary system. And those and others are most often caused by a viral infection, to which later joined by a bacterial infection of the pathogenic microflora inhabiting in the mouth, upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. In most cases, this staphylococcal and streptococcal infection and inflammation of the lung pathogen is often the pneumococcus. Manifested bacterial infection that occurred against the backdrop of the virus, the deterioration of the child, a new rise in temperature. Pediatricians in this case, the child is prescribed antibiotics.

Another common infection is a urinary tract infection, which manifests itself in children is not symptomatic of some urinary tract, and the whole system with a high fever, frequent painful urination. In this case the patient is required antibiotics.

In an outpatient setting rarely begin treatment of a child with lincomycin. So you start to treat the child usually have to immediately appoint the modern broad-spectrum antibiotics Broad-spectrum antibiotics - not only treat but also cripple . If the background of these antibiotics the child's condition does not improve (or even worsens), it is usually sent to a hospital.

Inpatient begin with, take analyzes, including biological environment (sputum, urine) to seeding to identify the causative agent and its sensitivity to antibiotics. This is where it often turns out that many modern antibiotics had resistant pathogens exist, but to lincomycin they are quite susceptible.

Features lincomycin antibiotics for the treatment of children

Lincomycin chemical structure is not like other antibiotics and refers to a separate group of antibiotics - lincosamides. It is effective against gram-positive flora (staphylococcus, streptococcus), mycoplasma. Lincomycin ineffective against Gram-negative microflora (eg, E. coli).

Lincomycin, of course, is not the most effective antibiotic, today there are antibiotics, the effect of which is much greater than the effect of lincomycin. Why, then, lincomycin is still used, even after more effective drugs? The fact that the lincomycin and highly resistant to it hardly develops resistance addictive and microorganisms. Therefore, it is used as an antibiotic and a stock when more efficient and modern cease to operate.

But be careful not to treat children lincomycin Lincomycin: a time-tested antibiotic   alone he actively suppresses the livelihoods of "useful" the inhabitants of the intestines, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. And for the child's body it is very dangerous, so how to develop goiter Dysbacteriosis - what brings self   (decrease intestinal microflora and opportunistic breeding) can cause damage to the intestinal wall. Furthermore, lincomycin capable of inducing neuromuscular blockade - disturbance of nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles and back.

But where is the main antibiotic lincomycin Antibiotics - whether they will help you in the foreseeable future? So it is in the treatment of osteomyelitis (inflammation of bone Tacna). In this region, lincomycin competition is because it has the feature to accumulate in bone and prolonged impact on pathogenic microflora.

Lincomycin is well into the liver, kidney, bone, broncho-pulmonary system, heart muscle, but bad overcomes the blood-brain barrier, so it is not prescribed for meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Lincomycin is output through the liver, so it is contained in the bile in high concentrations.

Which diseases in children used lincomycin

Lincomycin is used as an antibiotic to treat severe stock tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis, sinusitis (inflammation of the frontal sinuses), bronchitis, chronic inflammatory diseases of the skin, as well as osteomyelitis and inflammatory diseases of the joints. Sometimes linkomitsin small children applies even in sepsis (blood poisoning).

Lincomycin is contraindicated in severe liver and kidney diseases in violation of their functions and the detection of an increased sensitivity to the child.

Lincomycin - is an antibiotic that is prescribed only after a preliminary examination.

Galina Romanenko

Adolescent gynecomastia is most often physiological, develops on the background of hormonal changes the body. The treatment does not require, unless, of course, was uneventful. It does not require treatment and neonatal gynecomastia, which developed under the influence of female hormones mother.

Physiological gynecomastia in children and adolescents - what is it

Physiological gynecomastia - a breast enlargement, which is a variant of the norm. Develops it at certain times of the life of man on the background of hormonal changes. By physiological gynecomastia include, for example, gynecomastia in newborns, which develops after the birth of the boy because of the content of his blood in a large amount of estrogen, her mother sent.

When the blood of adolescents increased amounts of estrogen also may be signs of gynecomastia Gynecomastia - known since ancient times That pass on their own without treatment. Blood tests for hormones it does not detect a stable hormonal disorders. The cause physiological adolescent gynecomastia is often excessive aromatase activity - adrenal enzyme, because of which testosterone is the male sex turns into a female sex hormone estrogen. Pubertal gynecomastia is observed more than half of healthy boys aged 13-14 years.

Pathological gynecomastia in adolescents

Adolescent gynecomastia develops after the onset of puberty Puberty child - stages of a complex path . In some cases, adolescents develop gynecomastia persistent youth that age does not go through. The reasons for its occurrence is not always possible to identify, and if it belongs to one of the variants of idiopathic gynecomastia.

Gynecomastia in boys may appear not only in adolescence but before. Gynecomastia in children, if they have no other signs of puberty, talking about serious violations in the hormonal system. Basically experts are trying to eliminate in this case, hormone producing tumors of the testicles or adrenal glands.

Gynecomastia frequently develops in the background of congenital underdevelopment sexual glands (hypogonadism), as well as toxic, infectious, radiation damage gonads, injuries, diseases and tumors of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that is responsible for the entire endocrine system and the pituitary gland - is the main endocrine gland, which regulates the activity of other glands, including sex.

Gynecomastia girls do not exist, but similar changes in the breast in adolescent girls against the background of hormonal changes occur, they are known as mastitis.

Symptoms

Gynecomastia in adolescents manifested in the appearance of the breast (or both glands) swelling. Most often swelling tenderness, its boundaries are indistinct, the surface is smooth or slightly grainy. Education is located directly under the nipple and initially has a diameter of no more than 1 cm. Over time, education can grow to 10 cm in diameter, from the nipple often appear transparent or spotting Spotting - it is important to rule out pathology . As a rule, it is not dangerous symptoms, and after normalization of hormonal levels (a few months), they are - self-sealing resolved.

Cheerleaders may be small dense formation with clear margins - at least, it will require ultrasound (US) for the exclusion of cancer (it happens sometimes, though rarely).

Gynecomastia can be complicated by suppuration - infection gets into the mammary gland through a duct or microtrauma nipples. Develops inflammation - mastitis, which requires access to medical care

Diagnostics

Teenager requires thorough examination in order to prevent congenital anomalies of genital organs, systemic diseases, tumors and genital organs, hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal, liver. For this study blood on hormones, X-ray (mammogram) and breast ultrasound, abdominal cavity and pelvis. If necessary, wires and other studies, including an MRI of the brain.

If there is doubt about the benign nature of education, needle biopsy is performed, followed by laboratory examination of biological material taken.

Be sure to try to identify possible toxic effects on the body that can enhance hormonal disorders Hormonal disorders - oversupply and a lack of equally dangerous - Smoking, alcohol abuse, drugs, receiving a variety of medications and so on.

Treatment of gynecomastia in adolescents

Physiological gynecomastia treatment is not required, but for a teenager watching to notice in time complications.

Pathological gynecomastia goes away after treatment of the underlying disease that caused it. If, despite treatment, gynecomastia persists appointed surgery - formation in the breast is removed sometimes with breast tissue.

Galina Romanenko