Pediatric Neurology - is a very difficult medical specialty that is very different from the adult neurology, as the disease in children often appear very different and unexpected symptoms, which vary depending on the age, the initial state of the body of the child and even from his entourage. It is in childhood often rare and atypical occurring neurological diseases that causes pediatric neurologists to rely heavily on their experience and intuition. Pediatric Neurology - is an area of ​​medicine that studies diseases of the nervous system in children. Structure and function of the nervous system of a child is much different from its state in the adult. That is why there is such a profession as a children's neurologist.

The main task of Pediatric Neurology is the earliest possible detection of perinatal nervous system lesions. Perinatal (or perinatal) period begins on 22 completed weeks of pregnancy and ends after 7 full days after birth.

Feature perinatal pathology is that the condition of the fetus and newborn during this period is influenced by many factors that often play a leading role in the development of various diseases of the nervous system Diseases of the nervous system - the basic classification . The result of this action may be, for example, minimal brain dysfunction syndrome, which is also known as attention deficit disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - how to help fidget?   with increased activity. In this syndrome, the child has difficulty focusing, excitable, irritable, and later he appeared awkward movements, diseases of the musculoskeletal system associated with reduced muscle tone (violation of posture, flat feet), incontinence. These children are different nervousness, decreased ability to endure physical and mental load, autonomic disorders in the form of headaches, dizziness, palpitations and so on.

Since it is in the first months of life of the most active mature and restored parts of the brain of the child it is important detection and treatment of birth defects. It also happens that the first examination the child was almost healthy, and then, in the first year of life, he revealed neurological pathology. That is why children have to watch a child neurologist in the first year of life a few times.

Neurological pathology perinatal period - a birth trauma, brain damage due to lack of oxygen and intracranial hemorrhage.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

This disease is a direct result of lack of oxygen supply to the brain. This affects both the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures. If untreated, the outcome of such a state is paralysis and intellectual failure, seizures, cerebral palsy, etc. To identify such a breach in the early stages, you can use electroencephalography.

Once the diagnosis is carried out treatment which comprises treatment of hypoxia and its consequences such as metabolic disorders Metabolism: The basis of life of all living things   and rehabilitation therapy.

Birth injury

The term "birth trauma" unites compromising the integrity of tissues and organs of the child arising during childbirth. By birth injuries of the nervous system are facial paralysis, spinal cord injury, etc.

Facial paralysis is characterized by the omission of the mouth and motionless, his swelling, lack of nasolabial folds, incomplete closure of the eyelids. With proper treatment, the condition is restored.

The cause of birth injury Birth injuries - than they threaten your child?   the spinal cord is malposition (such as breech presentation) and carrying out various methods of manual aids. This can occur subluxation of the vertebrae, bleeding in the spinal cord and its membranes, pinching the vertebral artery and its spasm, which leads to interruptions in the supply of the brain with oxygen. Manifested such trauma in different ways, depending on which part of the spinal cord struck. Treatment of a generic spinal cord injury - immobilization (immobilization using special devices) head and neck of the child, removal of pain and edema, restoration of the structures of the spinal cord.

Intracranial hemorrhage

Contributing factors for intracranial hemorrhage is a lack of oxygen, blood clotting newborn, prematurity, intrauterine infection. All these factors contribute to changes in the walls of cerebral blood vessels and the immediate cause of hemorrhage is usually the birth trauma as a result of rapid or prolonged labor, improperly performed obstetric benefits and so on.

Treatment must include the protective mode (complete elimination of sound and light stimuli, sparing motion for swaddling), permanent medical supervision. Drug treatment depends on the nature and severity of hemorrhage. In acute hemorrhage progression surgical treatment - sucking the blood under the control of the ultrasound beam.

Proper diagnosis of perinatal lesions of the nervous system requires an individual approach to each child, a thorough study of heredity and risk factors for perinatal diseases. All these features are taken into account necessarily pediatric neurologist.

Pediatric Neurology developing techniques for early detection and treatment of diseases of the nervous system in children.

  Galina Romanenko

Oddly enough, but the problem of stuttering are facing not only children but also adults. This speech disorder in most cases takes place without any treatment prior to the time that the child goes to school, but in adults the situation is different, because they suffer from stuttering for many years. Nevertheless, we should not lose heart, because today there are many methods for correction of stuttering, but use them with caution, as in the case of addiction relapses.

Is there a cure?

This leads to an important question. Do I need to apply the methods for correcting stammering or better come to terms with the idea that it is good? Experts' opinions differ on this issue. The main task for people suffering from stuttering, - improving fluency, and this requires a modification of the nature of the question. In particular, it is recommended to start sentences with simple words, use of one- and two-syllable words, stretch sounds, speak slowly and do more pauses between phrases and sentences.

If you're willing to put up with stuttering, use the method of changing the nature of stuttering. His goal - to relieve stuttering, get rid of the fear and avoidance behavior. It is assumed that stuttering will never be able to get rid of the problem, therefore, must learn to communicate, despite the stuttering. It is recommended to stutter easily change behavior and attitudes towards stuttering Stuttering - when you need a comprehensive approach   (not to avoid speech situations, words, etc.). This method comprises four steps: identification, desensitization, modification and stabilization.

At the stage of identification you define situations and events that make you stutter. In the second stage, when you can say, you tell others about their speech disorder, and ask to treat this problem with understanding. At the stage of modification you learn to speak and to pause, during which pick up the lighter words. The final step is an extended version of the third and is aimed at securing the result.

Formation of normal speech - a correction method of stuttering, which teaches during speech activity to relax the vocal cords, control breathing and articulation. Stuttered taught diaphragmatic breathing, are taught to gradually increase the tension of the vocal cords in the pronunciation of the first sound of the word and stretch vowels. Thanks to this method of correction will you speak more slowly, but correctly and without repeats.

How effective methods of correction?

Sometimes both methods, it is not always effective since they are oriented at opposite problems. Some adults are turning to computer programs and electronic devices to treat stuttering. Their operating principle is built on the timing of the speech and hearing centers of man. Stutters speaks into the microphone, and the program will automatically retains his speech for a split second. Hearing your voice with a slight delay, the person trying to adjust to it, and it becomes smooth and continuous. According to experts, this method reduces the speech defect correction by 70-80% without any additional treatment.

Adults also indicated medical treatment based on taking anticonvulsants and tranquilizers hindering psyche (dopamine antagonists). The problem of medical treatment for stuttering is that these drugs have serious side effects and affect the entire body. Moreover, the efficiency of this method is only 50% and it does not provide long-term outcome.

Unfortunately, a universal method for the treatment of stuttering does not exist. The procedure was successfully used to treat one patient to another is inefficient. Adults are recommended to use multiple methods of treatment of stuttering, in particular, to combine the methods of formation of normal speech and methodology changes in the nature of stuttering. The combination of these two techniques will help you learn fluent speech connected with occasional episodes of stuttering.

Alternative methods

• Yoga is an excellent method of regaining control over the body and calm the nerves. With the help of yoga and breathing exercises you can learn to control the rate of speech.
• Speech practice: practice your speech in front of a mirror. Try to control your speech, decide what words you are the hardest and work on their pronunciation.
• Visualization: this technique gives excellent results in combination with meditation Meditation - treats the body and the spirit   and it is widely used for correction of stuttering and other speech disorders. Visualization is a form of self-hypnosis: stuttering is that he does not stammer, his voice smooth and correct. This technique is commonly used under the supervision of a specialist or a psychologist, but to see the results take a long time.