Inoculation against diphtheria was developed in the early twentieth century. After the introduction of mandatory immunization of children against diphtheria disease is able to completely eliminate. But in recent years there have been outbreaks of diphtheria - the disease affects mainly unvaccinated children.

Vaccination against diphtheria - vaccines and toxoids

Diphtheria - a serious infection that affects most children. The disease is transmitted by droplet infection and is characterized by lesions mainly throat, larynx and trachea, often leading to the death of the patient.

Diphtheria toxoid obtained by neutralizing toxins diphtheria bacilli formalin and heat. The toxin thus loses its toxicity, but retain its antigenic and immunogenic properties, ie on parenteral administration induces a state of immunity to diphtheria toxin. As a source of toxins used culture filtrate diphtheria bacilli grown in special nutrient media.

For the vaccination to children since the age of three, is used DTP triple vaccine, which consists of a vaccine against pertussis This pest, pest whooping ...   and two toxoid - diphtheria and tetanus. If for some reason the pertussis component is contraindicated child, entered a two diphtheria-tetanus toxoid - ADS.

Starting from 6 years of age booster dose of diphtheria toxoid held Td-reduced diphtheria antigens. Available as a single-component diphtheria toxoid (BP) and diphtheria toxoid with reduced antigen content diphtheria (AP-M).

Schedule of vaccinations against diphtheria

Children under 6 years of vaccinations against diphtheria held DTP:

• first DPT vaccination is carried out in 3 months;
• the second DTP vaccination - 4, 5 months;
• third DPT vaccination - 6 months;
• The first booster DPT - 1 year 6 months;
• second revaccination (vaccination) against diphtheria and tetanus vaccine (Td) - 6-7 years;
• third booster Td - 14 years.

Vaccination against diphtheria vaccine for adults is held Td every 10 years. AD-M children after 9 years to do when they got a tetanus toxoid between boosters in connection with the emergency prevention of tetanus Tetanus - a constant companion of man   (eg, trauma). AD-M is an adult if they have been vaccinated against tetanus, at least 10 years ago. Vaccinate adults should remember that vaccination against diphtheria and alcohol is not compatible because it is difficult to predict exactly how such a combination of impact on the immune system.

Where are vaccinated against diphtheria

All vaccines, which include diphtheria toxoid (DPT, DT, Td, AD, AD-M) make intramuscularly in the upper outer quadrant of the buttocks or thigh perednenaruzhnuyu. Adults can take a deep injection subcutaneously into the chuck area.

Contraindications immunized against diphtheria

DPT and DT contraindicated in progressive disease of the nervous system Diseases of the nervous system - the basic classification , Seizures, severe reactions to previous administration of the vaccine, as well as the presence of acute illness or exacerbation of chronic diseases.

Adult Td, BP and BP-M is also contraindicated in various diseases of the nervous system, cancer, immunodeficiency, as well as the presence of acute illness or exacerbation of chronic diseases. Vaccination against diphtheria during pregnancy is not recommended.

Side effects of vaccinations against diphtheria

Vaccination against diphtheria is generally well tolerated, and children and adults. All responses to DTP connected, usually with pertussis. However, sometimes there is a reaction to the vaccination against diphtheria. Do individuals in the first two days after vaccination may develop short-term general and local reactions.

Common reactions (complications) after vaccination against diphtheria - a fever, malaise, and sometimes pain in the muscles and joints. One can not exclude allergic reactions such as hives, swelling Prevention and treatment of edema - it is important to understand the root cause   Angioedema, and even anaphylactic shock. So after vaccination is generally recommended to observe the graft within half an hour.

Vaccination against diphtheria is vital for all children. It was established that suppress outbreaks of the disease is only possible with constant maintenance of high (95-98%) coverage of the entire population. If you do not, then we will return to the diphtheria epidemic and the disease can be cured by no means always.

Galina Romanenko

Hygroma children or synovial cysts, especially in the age of ten years - a rather rare phenomenon. Its appearance may cause serious concern to parents, but the tumor is benign, and rarely causes any complications.

Types and hygroma children and their symptoms

Most often hygroma hygroma are classified based on their location.

Hygroma wrist of the child - a fairly common kind of hygroma, which is often very small and does not cause any symptoms. If the tumor reaches a sufficiently large size, it can cause some discomfort, but, in general, does not prevent the children to play, learn, and do other things.

Conversely, even a small hygroma feet in children may result in that the patient will be uncomfortable to wear shoes, walking, and so on. Constant pressure on hygroma while driving can cause moderate or mild pain, so that the child's parents is usually recommended as soon as possible to remove the tumor. Hygroma this type may appear on the upper side of the foot soles or toe.

Hygroma of the knee in children can also cause discomfort when moving, although not as strong as synovial cyst on the foot. In addition, there is a violation, as the cystic hygroma Hygroma when liquid in unnecessary places   - Benign tumors of this type are usually present in children from birth. About them we will talk separately below.

A common symptom for hygromas all types is the appearance of a more or less large bulge under the skin in a particular area of ​​the body. Pressure it can cause pain and discomfort. The skin over the hygroma usually have normal color, though in some cases, redness and / or easy peeling.

When should I see a doctor?

Regardless of whether a child is hygroma any symptoms or not, when it appears, it is necessary to pass the examination. This will establish the nature of tumors, and to avoid a very small, but nevertheless there is a possibility that the tumor could be malignant. If hygroma not cause severe discomfort of the child, as long as it does not pass inspection, there is no need for any limitation as to its physical activity - it has yet been found that some loads may accelerate growth hygroma.

Diagnostics

In order to make sure that the child discovered the tumor is hygroma, doctors often spend needle aspiration Aspiration: the main thing - do not get confused . The sample liquid which is obtained by a syringe of the cysts, sent to a laboratory for analysis. In the process of diagnosis can be used as medical imaging techniques, often - ultrasound and computed tomography. X-ray examination at the children with suspected hygroma is rarely used.

Treatment

From 38% to 58% hygromas gradually disappear without any treatment, so in many cases, the doctor can simply assign a patient survey 1-2 times a year. In general, the choice of treatment depends on how the tumor interferes with the child to live a full life. For example, even a small foot hygroma a child leads to a variety of difficulties in their daily lives, and if it is formed at an early age, then, in theory, limited mobility associated with the tumor, may slow down the development of the baby. On the other hand, below the knee hygroma, a child may not cause any inconvenience, until it reaches a large enough size - if at all. Most likely, in the first case, the doctor will recommend as soon as possible to remove hygroma, and the second - would prefer some time to just watch the patient.

Puncture hygroma - the most common procedure for the removal of tumors of this type. The doctor removes from synovial cysts its contents (substantially as well as in fine needle aspiration, but now the liquid is removed completely) and introduces hygroma antiinflammatory agent from the group of steroids. About 74% of the children after just one treatment a full recovery - that is, they do not appear again hygroma. In the case of recurrence after re-puncture hygroma recover up to 85% of patients.

Surgical treatment of hygroma Treating hygroma - possible methods   children rarely prescribed. The reasons for this may be severe pain caused by a tumor, a significant decrease in quality of life due to hygroma, or relapsed after one or two punctures hygroma. Chance reappearance synovial cyst surgery lower than after a puncture - relapse might be, on average, 5% of children. If surgery does not cause complications, the recovery process usually lasts no more than two months, although most of the children can return to life much earlier than usual.