Why can begin nosebleeds

Nosebleeds can begin from different causes. In children, it is associated with the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the blood vessels of the nose: a large number of blood vessels is concentrated in the lower part of the nasal septum. The slightest injury this field causes a disturbance of the blood vessel wall and nosebleeds. Often this bleeding becomes the "usual" if the child is constantly picking his nose and injure the vessel had not yet healed. Bleeding contributes to gentle nasal mucosa in children: increased dryness of mucous membrane increases its trauma.

In adults, nosebleeds are often associated with sports injuries and various diseases. Thus, lack of vitamin C may cause increased fragility of blood vessels. In addition, increased bleeding cause various diseases of the blood, liver and spleen, menstrual disorder, severe bacterial infections, poisoning, physical and mental stress, long exposure to the sun.

In elderly people nosebleed it is often the result of high blood pressure. In such cases, it can prevent much worse consequences, for example, if the blood vessel does not burst in the nose and in the brain. Furthermore, blood vessels, the elderly are characterized by high brittleness.

Contributing to nosebleeds reasons may be acute and chronic rhinitis, adenoids Adenoids - the expansion of the pharyngeal tonsil , The curvature of the nasal septum Deviated septum - is not just a cosmetic defect And strong blowing your nose, coughing and sneezing.

How is

Typically, nosebleeds occur at once, for example, after an injury of the nose or head. But sometimes it occurs for no apparent reason, even in a dream Dreams: how to understand our dreams . Harbingers of epistaxis may be headache, weakness, heaviness in the head, tinnitus, dizziness, itchy nose, and so on.

In most cases, bleeding occurs from one half of the nose, and the blood can flow through the nasopharynx into the other half. At the time of a bleeding blood is usually clean, bright red, not foam. When hidden nosebleeds of the blood runs down the back of the throat and into the esophagus and stomach that creates a dangerous illusion of prosperity.

The general condition of the person (blood pressure, pulse, heart rate, and so on) with nasal bleeding depends on the amount and speed of blood loss. Rapid blood loss dramatically aggravates the general condition and leads to the development of collapse (weakness of the heart and fall in blood pressure) and heart failure. Easy epistaxis (it is found in the majority of cases) the threat to human life is not. Sometimes it stops on its own, but in some cases can last for a long time, causing general weakness and anemia, which develops through the day after a large loss of blood. Nosebleeds moderate severity is characterized by common features such as skin pallor, increased heart rate, lowering blood pressure.

The particular pattern is observed in severe recurrent epistaxis after injuries of the skull. Such bleeding is sometimes repeated at intervals of 2-3 weeks, and the suddenness, is massive (the patient loses 0, 5-1, 5 liters of blood), and rapidity of blood loss. Unless urgent action is taken, when one of these bleeding the patient may die.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis does not pose any difficulties, but difficulties arise when determining the location of bleeding. On examination of the nasal cavity using a special tool (rhinoscopy) in front of the nasal septum (1cm some distance from the entrance of the nose) can be seen bleeding place - field Kisselbaha - place a large number of clusters of blood vessels. Bleeding from the field Kisselbaha not usually abundant.

Heavy bleeding often occur from the back of the nose - here are the larger vessels.

How to stop nosebleeds

When minor bleeding finger pressed against the wing of the nose; better to enter this on the eve of a ball nose, dry or moistened with 3% hydrogen peroxide wool. On the bridge of the nose or on the back of the head is applied cold (one hour) for 3-4 minutes with the same intervals. Do not throw back the head of the patient, as in this position the blood will flow down the back of the throat and the bleeding can not be overlooked. After stopping the bleeding of the bleeding site to cauterize a special solution (silver nitrate, chromic acid, etc.) or by electrocoagulation.

With the ineffectiveness of these activities is carried out special medical manipulation - front tamponade of the nasal cavity via turundas gauze impregnated with drug solutions. Remove tampons How to use sanitary pad - basic precautions   a day, but in some cases allowed to stand for 2-5 days, a daily dosage of impregnating solution.

In severe bleeding front tamponade of the nasal cavity can be ineffective in this case a rear nasal tamponade - a more complex and effective medical manipulation, in which the pressed sufficiently large blood vessels.

If the back of the nose tamponade does not help, have resorted to surgery: total or partial resection of the nasal septum.

Since frequent nasal bleeding can lead to iron deficiency anemia, these patients require careful examination and treatment to prevent an occurrence of nasal bleeding.

Galina Romanenko

What blood group

Blood - it is immuno-genetic features of blood, allowing the blood to unite people in certain groups based on similarity of antigens (antigen - a substance alien to the organism that causes the formation of antibodies). The formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes White blood cells as the basis of immunity , Platelets) and plasma each person has such antigens. The presence or absence of an antigen, as well as possible combinations of them create thousands of variants of the antigenic structures inherent in the people. Man belongs to a particular group of blood is an individual feature that is already beginning to emerge in the early stages of fetal development Fetal development - week after week .

Antigens are combined into a group called AB0 system, rhesus and many others.

Blood group system AB0

AB0 blood group systems were discovered in 1900 K.Landshteynerom that mixing the red blood cells of some patients with serum others found that when certain combinations of blood clots forming flakes (agglutination), while others do not. Based on these studies Landsteiner divided the blood of all the people into three groups: A, B and C. In 1907 was discovered the same blood.

It was found that the agglutination reaction occurs when bonding the same blood group antigens (called them agglutinogens) that are in the red blood cells - red blood cells with antibodies Antibodies - "soldiers' immunity   another group (they were called agglutinin), located in the plasma - the liquid part of blood. Separation of the blood system AB0 into four groups based on the fact that blood may or may not contain antigen (agglutinogens) A and B, as well as antibodies (agglutinins) α (alpha or anti-A) and β (beta or anti-B) .

The first group of blood - 0 (I)

Group I - contains no agglutinogen (antigens), but contains agglutinins (antibodies) α and β. It is denoted by 0 (I). Since this group contains no foreign particles (antigens), it can be transfused to all people. A person with this blood type is a universal donor.

It is believed that this is the oldest blood type or group of "hunters" that arose over the 60,000 - 40,000 years BC, in the era of the Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons, who could only gather food and hunt. People with first blood group characteristic qualities of a leader.

A second group of blood β (II)

Group II contains agglutinogen (antigen) A agglutinin and β (antibodies to agglutinogen B). Therefore, it is possible to transfuse only those groups that do not contain the antigen B - is I and group II.

The group first came later, between 25,000 and 15,000 years BC, when people began to develop agriculture. People with the second group of blood are especially numerous in Europe. It is believed that people with this blood group also tend to be a leader, but more flexible in communicating with others than people who have the first group of blood.

The third group of blood Vα (III)

Group III comprises agglutinogen (antigen) and α agglutinin (antibody to agglutinogen A). Therefore, it is possible to transfuse only those groups that do not contain the antigen A - is I and Group III.

The third group appeared about 15,000 years BC, when people began to colonize more northern cold areas. For the first time this group of blood appeared at the Mongoloid race. Over time, media groups have moved to the European continent. And today the people with the blood of so many in Asia and Eastern Europe. People with this blood group are usually very patient and dutiful.

Fourth blood group AB0 (IV)

Group IV includes blood agglutinogens (antigens) A and B, but contains agglutinin (antibodies). Therefore, it can be poured only those with the same, the fourth group of blood. But, as in the blood of people have antibodies capable glued to the outside administered antibodies, they can be any group of blood transfusion. People with a fourth blood group are universal recipients.

The fourth group - the newest of the four groups of human blood. It came less than 1,000 years ago by the mixing of the Indo-Europeans, media group I and Mongoloids, media group III. It is rare. People with this blood group diligent and creative.

What you need to know a group of human blood

Membership of blood to one group or another and the presence of certain antibodies in it says about the compatibility (or incompatibility) of blood individuals. Incompatibility can occur, for example, in contact with the blood of the fetus in the mother's body during pregnancy (if the mother has antibodies to fetal blood) or blood transfusion of another group.

The interaction of antigens and antibodies occurs AB0 system erythrocyte agglutination (agglutination or hemolysis), thus formed clusters of red blood cells which can not pass through small blood vessels and capillaries and obstruct them (formed thrombi). Clogged kidney, there is acute renal failure Acute renal failure - causes and consequences   - A very serious condition that, if you do not take urgent measures, leading to loss of life.