Antibiotics tetracycline

Antibiotics are antibacterial agents of biological origin. There are many gruppantibiotikov, some of them selectively act on these or other microorganisms, and others - almost all pathogens. Such antibiotics called broad-spectrum antibiotics. For broad-spectrum antibiotics are tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, ampicillin, cephalosporins, and other groups.

Tetracycline is a natural antibiotic produced radiant fungus. In order to improve its quality is carried out enzymatic degradation of tetracycline and improvement of its chemical structure. It is in this way were made semi tetracyclines doxycycline hydrochloride methacycline, vibramitsin and others.

Tetracyclines inhibit intracellular bacterial protein production, resulting in further growth of microorganisms suspended (bacteriostatic effect). They also block some trace elements that make up the bacterial enzyme that slows their metabolism.

Tetracyclines have some side effects: irritate the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract when taken orally and surrounding tissue when administered by injection, have toxic effects on the liver, disrupt the natural gut flora.

The mechanism of action of doxycycline

Doxycycline - a semisynthetic tetracycline possessing broad spectrum of activity. It is able to penetrate the tissue cells and affect the microorganisms which are intracellular (e.g., chlamydia). Doxycycline inhibits protein synthesis, which is to be used for construction of cell pathogens, bacteria is not killed, but lose the ability to reproduce, and the drug is particularly active against rapidly proliferating microorganisms.

To this highly sensitive both Gram-positive microorganisms having a dense shell, so retaining Gram stain (some species of staphylococci, streptococci) and Gram-negative organisms, with less dense skin without retaining Gram stain (gonococci, meningococci, Salmonella). Doxycycline is also active against pathogens of plague, tularemia, cholera, Rickettsia, Chlamydia Chlamydia: insidious and widespread disease But it has no effect on Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi.

Doksitsillina positive qualities is that it is smaller than other tetracyclines inhibits the natural intestinal microflora is different from their more complete absorption and longer duration of action.

Doxycycline is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, in two hours reaches maximum concentration in the blood and penetrates all organs and tissues other than cerebrospinal fluid. It passes through the placenta to the fetus during pregnancy and is excreted in the milk of nursing mothers. When receiving doxycycline must be considered that it is able to accumulate in the body, mainly in the bones and teeth, there forming insoluble complexes with calcium.

It decomposes doxycycline in the liver and intestine, and then excreted in feces and urine.

Indications for use

Doxycycline is used for the following diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to it:

• respiratory tract infections (inflammation of the pharynx, bronchi, lungs) and otolaryngology (ear infections, tonsillitis, sinusitis);
• infections of the genitourinary system, caused by chlamydia and ureoplazmu;
• chlamydial conjunctivitis;
• infections caused by Rickettsia, such as typhus;
• STDs - gonorrhea, syphilis and chancroid;
• especially dangerous infections - Plague Plague - whether justified reputation of the "black death"? , Cholera, tularemia;
• trachoma;
• brucellosis.

Contraindications Doxycycline

Doxycycline should not be taken in the following cases:

• In case of hypersensitivity to the drug or other tetracyclines;
• in violation of liver and kidney function;
• systemic diseases (such as lupus erythematosus);
• under the age of 8 years (may cause staining of the teeth and slow down growth of the child);
• during pregnancy (it is not possible negative effects on fetal development) and lactation Breast-feeding: feed - and no nails!   Child;
• with a low content of leukocytes in the blood.
• Side effects of doxycycline

Doxycycline can produce the following side effects:

• the central nervous system: dizziness Dizziness - if the ground is slipping from under his feet ; It may be an increase in intracranial pressure, accompanied by headache, nausea, vomiting and impaired vision due to swelling of the optic papilla;
• from the gastrointestinal tract: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat, inflammatory changes in the anus, inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum; sometimes - a toxic effect on the liver;
• Allergic reactions: skin rashes of various kinds, urticaria, angioedema, drug lupus, an allergy to the sun's rays;
• changes in the blood: anemia, reduced blood clotting, reduction in the number of neutrophils (white blood cells, are actively involved in protecting the body from infection).

Doxycycline can be used only on prescription.

Mechanism of action

Betadine (INN - povidone iodine) - antiseptic and disinfectant broad-spectrum bactericidal effect on bacteria (except for the tuberculosis bacillus), fungi, protozoa and viruses, including HIV. Getting on the skin or mucous membranes betadine allocates active iodine, which connects to cell proteins of infectious agents and roll them, thus killing the cell.

Since betadine molecules are large, they are hardly absorbed into the blood, acting only locally penetrating the tissue is not more than 1 mm. Action Betadine lasts long, as active iodine is gradually released from it. The drug is not toxic, it is available as a solution and ointments for topical use and as vaginal suppositories Vaginal suppositories - for contraception and treatment of inflammation .

Indications for use

Ready 10% Betadine solution is used undiluted or diluted to a desired concentration. Breeding must be carried out immediately prior to use, as the dilute solution loses its activity, particularly by light and heat, changing the color from dark brown to a lighter.

Betadine solutions used:

• Disinfection body surface before operations, manipulation or injections, as well as to fully treat the entire body prior to surgery;
• for the treatment of septic wounds; cavities with pus having drainage (and also through the probe or catheter) messages with the body surface;
• for the treatment of skin infections of the skin and mucous membranes in the nose and throat infections, dental treatment;
• for the treatment of female sexual organs during minor gynecological operations and manipulation;
• to process the umbilical cord and the instillation of the eye of a newborn baby;
• for the treatment of small household wounds, cuts, acne Acne: facial trouble , Oral cavity at stomatitis Stomatitis - to breath fresh .

10% Betadine ointment prescribed:

• for the treatment of festering superficial wounds, abrasions, burns, trophic small (compared to circulatory disorders) ulcers, pressure ulcers;
• for the treatment of bacterial, viral (e.g., Herpes) or fungal lesions.
• Betadine vaginal suppositories to appoint:
• acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the external genitals in women, caused by bacteria (including the genital infections), protozoa (eg, Trichomonas), viruses (including genital herpes), fungi, and mixed infection;
• for the prevention of vaginal infections before small operations and manipulations.

Liquid 7, 5% Betadine soap:

• for the treatment of the surgeon's hands to various operations and manipulations;
• for the treatment of doctor's hands before and after examination of the patient;
• for the treatment of hands in a residential area, including in the event of contact with infectious patients.

In some cases, you can not use betadine

Betadine is contraindicated in:

• if you are hypersensitive to the drug;
• at elevated thyroid The thyroid gland - is responsible for your hormones   (release the active iodine can worsen the situation);
• before treatment with radioactive iodine;
• pregnant (12 weeks of pregnancy) and nursing women;
• newborns, as well as for disinfection of children's institutions;
• disinfection in catering;
• dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring when (a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with itching and numerous eruptions).

Side effects

Locally possible manifestation of allergic reactions such as redness, itching, and sometimes - blisters. After discontinuation of therapy, all these phenomena are.

Overdosing is not possible, since the drug is only applied topically and is practically not absorbed. With caution it should be used only when the kidney function (if the drug is used for a long time).

Together with betadine not necessary to apply an ointment or solution containing enzymes as iodine reducing enzyme activity. Betadine not applicable also together with other disinfectants.

Betadine good antibacterial drug that produces reliable pharmaceutical company EGIS SA (Hungary) under the license of "Mundifarma" (Switzerland). But as with any effective medication, betadine requires proper application.