Pulmonary tuberculosis occurs in various clinical embodiments. One of the most common forms is the focal pulmonary tuberculosis. Infectious process can be characterized oligosymptomatic course and limiting the pathological focus in the lungs. Most often focal changes formed after undergoing primary TB infection.

Is there any chance of recovery

This form of tuberculosis has a favorable course, does not apply to advanced (or metastatic complicated) variant of the disease. When time begun treatment and correctly chosen scheme specific treatment recovery occurs in almost 100% of cases. The most important predisposing factor for the development of infection in the lungs is a weakening of the immune system, a condition that develops in the following cases:

• supercooling
• malnutrition
• prolonged exposure to the sun (giperinsolyatsiya)
• not getting enough sleep
• chronic diseases (peptic ulcer, diabetes mellitus Diabetes - threatening and incurable disease   and others)
• hormonal drugs
• alcohol and drug addiction

Identify local form of tuberculosis infection is possible only with the help of X-ray examination. In most cases, focal tuberculosis is a random finding during the passage of a prophylactic examination (based on x-rays).

With a favorable outcome of focal pulmonary tuberculosis can be cured, with no trace remains after the disease. If the focus remains on the site of the phenomenon in the form of calcification or sclerosis, we can talk about a relatively favorable outcome. Move focal tuberculosis in more severe forms of talking about poor course. The decisive prognostic factor is the timely diagnosis.

The successful holding of the course of complex therapy

Current drugs used for a specific therapy can achieve resorption foci in the lungs during one year. This can be confirmed by carrying out a control X-ray examination. Rarely focal tuberculosis treatment ends encapsulation pathological focus.

The duration of treatment an average of up to six months. How to treat focal tuberculosis determines the physician who determines the treatment regimen, depending on the phase of the disease. All patients with focal tuberculosis be treated without fail. After curing is recommended to perform strengthening therapy or complex of health measures. The criteria for cure is the lack of objective evidence of active infection. The treatment course consists of an average of three or four drugs, which is determined by the degree of activity of the process, form of the disease, and a number of other reasons. If regression of lesions is slow during the infection process is unproductive, it is an indication for the treatment of a patient in the climatic health resorts, a stay which gives pronounced, persistent therapeutic effect.

Early treatment helps to complete resorption of fresh tubercular lesions. In the process of reverse transformation of the disease can occur when the disease becomes chronic. Despite the fact that most chronic forms are suitable for, it is important to prevent the development of chronic infection. Against the background of an existing chronic process can form a fresh center focal tuberculosis. In this case, the main role belongs to the anti-TB immunity Immunity - types and characteristics in children in adults Which weakened for various reasons.

What are the clinical manifestations ��

In most cases, patients with focal tuberculosis do not make any complaints. Some patients may develop intoxication syndrome, which is characterized by the following symptoms: long-lasting low-grade fever, loss of appetite and ability to work, sweating, malaise, cough with allocation Discharges in women when there is cause for concern   sputum in small quantities.

Fresh tuberculosis or focal tuberculosis in the phase of infiltration takes place with intoxication syndrome, which is one of the diagnostic criteria for the disease. Progression of the disease is rare, since this form is well treated. Much of this depends on the extent to which the patient performs all medical advice. This may be a possible progression of the infection, if the patient objectively growing signs of intoxication, there are signs of impaired respiratory function, which is a respiratory symptoms.

Specialists conventionally divided focal tuberculosis Tuberculosis - a full recovery is not guaranteed   several clinical variants: myagkoochagovaya and fibronodular form. Fibronodular tuberculosis is more severe, characterized by a tendency to the formation and progression of destructive changes in the lung tissue. Patients with this form often persists long-term low-grade fever, there is a significant reduction in body weight or exhaustion. Due to prolonged intoxication Diverse endocrine disorders that are identified in the study patients.

On stage fibronodular tuberculosis may appear complaint cough or hemoptysis. These symptoms are the result of the formation of bronchiectasis. The foci in the lungs vary in size from medium to large in diameter. The size of lesions determined by the severity of the clinical symptoms, the severity of the patient's condition and prognosis. The presence of symptoms of respiratory failure can indirectly serve as a criterion in the differential diagnosis of various forms of tuberculosis.

Marina Solovyov

Sulfonamide - a first antibacterial agents that have been widely used in medicine. According to their chemical structure, they are derivatives of an amide of sulfanilic acid. Sulfadimetokin - one of the representatives of this group of drugs.

The mechanism of action sulfadimetoksina

Many microorganisms for normal growth and reproduction need dihydrofolate. Bacteria can synthesise this substance only when in the environment contains a sufficient amount of para-aminobenzoic acid (PAS).

Sulfonamides in their chemical structure similar to the PAS, so they prevent its inclusion in the dihydrofolic acid. As a result of this stop synthesized nucleic acid bacteria, which are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information. Against the background of these changes in microorganisms can not grow and multiply, ie, sulfonamides possess bacteriostatic effect.

Sulfadimetoksin - a drug that has a long-term effect (during the day after a single dose). It is rapidly absorbed from the intestine and slowly excreted in the urine and bile. Maximum concentration in plasma sulphadimethoxin recorded after eight hours after ingestion.

It is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms. The first group of bacteria is not stained by Gram, these include streptococci, pneumococci, staphylococci. The second group of microbes capable of retaining Gram stain due to the nature of the structure, its representatives are Klebsiella, E. coli, Shigella - dysentery pathogens.

Sulfadimetoksin has moderate activity against Proteus, effective in trachoma (an infectious eye disease that causes chlamydia). The drug has no effect on the bacteria strains that are resistant to sulfanilamide other means. If the inflammation has pus, the antimicrobial effect sulfadimetoksina weakens.

Indications and Contraindications

The drug is indicated for infectious and inflammatory diseases, pathogens which are microorganisms that are sensitive to sulfadimetoksin. Such conditions include:

• Acute respiratory infections;
• Sore throat;
• Sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses);
• Otitis media (ear infection);
• Bronchitis;
• Pneumonia;
• Inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis);
• Inflammation of the urinary tract;
• Dysentery;
• Trachoma;
• Erysipelas (a skin disease, which is caused by streptococcus);
• Pyoderma (a group of pustular skin diseases);
• Wound infections (including postoperative).

Sulfadimetoksin is contraindicated in:

• Individual hypersensitivity to sulfonamides;
• Renal insufficiency;
• Disorders of the liver;
• Chronic heart failure Heart failure - when the heart is unable to cope with the work ;
• Impaired hematopoiesis in bone marrow;
• Congenital deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is accompanied by hemolytic anemia (excessive destruction of red blood cells - red blood cells, resulting in the body's tissues receive less oxygen than normal);
• Porphyrin disease (violation of exchange, which is accompanied by a high content in the blood and tissues of porphyrins - nitrogen-containing pigments);
• Azotemia (elevated plasma levels of metabolic products that contain nitrogen);
• Pregnancy and during breastfeeding Breast-feeding: feed - and no nails!   (medication passes into breast milk and may cause the child jaundice);
• Children aged up to two months.

Side effects

The drug can cause the following side effects:

• From the nervous system: weakness, headache;
• On the part of the digestive system: nausea, vomiting, hepatitis Hepatitis - the scourge of our time Which develops due to the stagnation of bile in the liver;
• Allergic reactions: skin rash, fever;
• The defeat of the blood: anemia due to the rapid destruction of a large number of red blood cells, reducing the total number of platelets (thrombocytopenia) and white blood cells (leukopenia).

Features reception

Patients who are over sixty-five years old, it is better not to take medication. The people of this age increases the likelihood of severe side effects. Children under the age of two months, the drug can only be assigned in congenital toxoplasmosis, when there is a threat to the life of the child.

The duration of treatment depends on the severity sulfadimetoksin disease and an average of seven to ten days. After temperature returned to normal, you need to take the drug even two or three days. Matched doctor dose is taken once a day at the same time. The patient should avoid exposure to UV radiation and direct sunlight.

The treatment should be regularly donate blood on the overall analysis. It is also recommended to continuously monitor the state of the kidneys, because the drug often causes loss of salt crystals in them. To avoid this, the patient should drink plenty of liquids, especially alkaline.

Simultaneous treatment of sulfadimethoxine and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (aspirin, indometacin) amplified side effects of blood. If the drug is administered together with anticoagulants (drugs which reduce the ability of blood to clot) that it increases the risk of bleeding. Sulfadimetoksin decreases the effectiveness of birth control pills, so while it is recommended that women receiving the combination of this method of contraception Contraceptive Methods: Ten myths about contraception in the mirror of facts   other available.

Sulfadimetoksin can not be taken alone, without the participation of a doctor, because the pathogens develop resistance to it. In addition, the doctor must monitor the status of patients during treatment, to timely detect the first signs of side effects of the drug.