Mononucleosis - a viral disease that is transmitted through saliva, for example, during a kiss, and when sneezes or coughs near a sick person. However, mononucleosis is not as contagious as some colds.

Symptoms of mononucleosis often appears in adolescents or young adults 25-30 years. In young children, as a rule, the symptoms are almost unnoticeable, and infection is often overlooked.

Symptoms

Mononucleosis can cause the following symptoms:

• Fatigue and weakness;
• A sore throat;
• Heat;
• Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the neck and armpits;
• Inflammation of the tonsils;
• Headache;
• Skin rash;
• Lack of appetite;
• Inflammation of the spleen;
• Sweating at night.

The incubation period of the virus typically lasts four to eight weeks, although in small children, it may be shorter. Fever and sore throat usually start to decrease after a few weeks, weakness and inflammation of the lymph nodes can be stored for a few weeks longer.

Causes

The cause of mononucleosis is the Epstein - Barr virus, although similar signs and symptoms can sometimes cause cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus - what is its danger? .

Mononucleosis usually occurs in a mild form. Most adults have been previously infected with Epstein-Barr virus, and they are protected from this disease in the future.

How do you get mononucleosis

Epstein-Barr virus, which causes acute mononucleosis, is contained in saliva and mucus Mucus - what is the norm for a healthy woman And sometimes in tears. Theoretically, it can be spread by airborne droplets, but in practice this rarely happens. You can live in the same house with a person with acute mononucleosis, communicate with him every day and not get sick. Significantly higher probability of infection by kissing (through a simple kiss on the cheek or on the lips virus is transmitted much less frequently than "French" kiss), by using a common dishes, the storage of toothbrushes in a glass - in other words, under these conditions, when the saliva of the patient can enter directly into the body of a healthy person. Finally, the strongest risk of becoming infected with Epstein-Barr people who are often in contact with the patient, and in which, for whatever reasons, the immune system is weakened.

In very rare cases, the infection occurs through blood transfusion from a person suffering from mononucleosis. For this reason, during the illness should not donate blood. If you are ill with mononucleosis in the past six months, you should inform a health care professional before taking blood.

That mononucleosis is transmitted in each case, apparently, it does not affect the probability of developing active infectious mononucleosis patient. It is known that during the life of Epstein - Barr virus infected the vast majority of people - up to 98-99%, but most of them will never become ill with acute mononucleosis. Those who once had been ill with this infection usually produces immunity, and more Epstein - Barr virus in these patients do not manifest themselves, even though they are carriers until the end of his life. Repeated mononucleosis develops very rarely, usually only in people with AIDS, or those who are undergoing treatment (eg chemotherapy or taking immunosuppressive drugs), which suppresses the body's immune defenses.

After the initial infection with the Epstein - Barr patient remains contagious for several weeks or months. Sometimes, even in healthy people, the virus can become active again many years after infection; this does not lead to an acute mononucleosis, patients may however several weeks cause contamination for people who are not yet infected with the virus.

Complications

One of the most common complications of mononucleosis is an increase in the spleen. In extreme cases of splenic rupture can occur, causing a sharp, sudden pain in the left upper abdomen. When such pain should seek immediate medical care - surgery may be required.

In addition, hepatitis often causes mononucleosis Hepatitis - the scourge of our time   and jaundice.

Less common complications of mononucleosis:

• Anemia - a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood;
• Thrombocytopenia - a decreased level of platelets, the blood cells needed for clotting;
• Inflammation of the tissues of the heart;
• Complications associated with the nervous system (meningitis, encephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome);
• Inflammation of the tonsils, which result is shortness of breath.

In addition, the Epstein-Barr virus can cause mononucleosis severe in people with weakened immune systems, such as patients with HIV / AIDS, as well as people taking immunosuppressive drugs after transplantation.

Prevention mononucleosis

To prevent infection with the Epstein-Barr virus, kissing should be avoided by patients with mononucleosis, do not drink with them from one mugs, and sleep on the same pillow. In general, before a full recovery is better to limit close physical contact. In practice, it is difficult to implement, since the person can become a source of infection even before they have any symptoms of mononucleosis Symptoms of mononucleosis - easy to make a mistake . Often, patients continue to spread the virus, and for some time after recovery. In addition, for most people, prevention of mononucleosis generally irrelevant, since they are already carrying the virus, Epstein-Barr virus, although they do not know it. Stick to the above advice on the prevention of this disease is only useful for people with immune deficiency who have any infection can lead to serious health consequences.

This may seem strange, but many experts believe the best way to prevent serious complications of mononucleosis infection with Epstein - Barr virus in early childhood. The fact that children have the virus causes acute mononucleosis is much less common than in adults, and if the disease develops, it usually takes place in a very easy manner. The risk of complications in children is also very small, and after the disease they remain immune to mononucleosis.

Amoxiclav a combined preparation and consists of a semi-synthetic antibiotic penicillin group amoksiklava and clavulanic acid, which gives it resistance against produced by some species of bacteria enzymes. Amoksiklav well tolerated, however, has as side effects and contraindications.

Side effects amoksiklava

Amoxiclav can produce side effects, affecting various organs and body systems.

As with any antibiotic, it adversely affects the gastrointestinal tract, as inhibits the proliferation of the natural intestinal microflora. This disturbed digestion and synthesis of certain vitamins (B, C), since the natural microflora in the correct play of food processing and the formation of vitamins. As a result, the food begins to be digested than through fermentation, but by rotting, during which stands out many harmful toxins and gases, which are blown up by the intestines. This condition is called dysbiosis in humans it reduces appetite, appear nausea, unstable stool, bloating and abdominal pain Abdominal pain: Types and Symptoms . Sometimes diarrhea alternating with constipation. And as all the organs of the digestive system are interconnected, with prolonged duration of dysbiosis necessarily hurt the stomach, duodenum, pancreas Diabetes and pancreas - the things you need to know   and gallbladder.

Amoksiklav has several hepatotoxic properties, i.e. has a toxic effect on the liver cells. But this is a small effect that only occasionally can cause transient (transient) liver function abnormalities in the form of changes in laboratory parameters. Very rarely jaundice may occur.

Have amoksiklava and nephrotoxic properties - a toxic effect on the kidneys. This effect is also negligible, but it should be taken into account when amoksiklav given to patients with dysfunction of this organ. Under the action amoxiclav may inflammation in connective frame kidney (interstitial nephritis), which may contribute to the formation of stones in the urinary tract.

On the part of the central nervous system in patients receiving amoksiklava may experience discomfort such as headache, dizziness, rarely - jerking and even seizures.

Side effects amoxiclav may cause changes in the blood - the suppression of the synthesis of white blood cells (which leads to decreased immunity, a person begins to ache often colds) and platelets (blood clotting is reduced, there may be bleeding). Red blood cells under the influence of amoksiklava can hemolytic (stick together), but this process is rarely becomes severe hemolytic anemia.

It is also possible allergic reactions such as urticaria, angioedema, but they seldom occur.

This should not take amoksiklav

Because of side effects and contraindications amoksiklava follow its application. Absolutely can not accept in amoksiklav if earlier on the background of his admission there were violations of the liver. Be wary appoint amoksiklav patients with any liver disease, accompanied by violation of their functions. Also take care amoksiklav diseases of the colon - is on the background of dysbiosis amoxiclav may cause worsening of the disease.

Also with caution amoksiklav Amoxiclav - an effective tool against infections   is prescribed for kidney disease, accompanied by renal insufficiency Kidney failure - when treatment is vital .

Since amoksiklav can inhibit blood, it can not be assigned in such a blood disease, as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. With caution and under laboratory control it is prescribed for blood clotting and a tendency to bleed.

Do not appoint amoksiklav in infectious mononucleosis, which is characterized by the appearance of rashes on the body. In applying amoksiklava morbilliform rash may increase and it is difficult to say, due to what happened. The rash may increase as the underlying disease (mononucleosis) and allergies to amoksiklav. And she and the other situations require immediate action, however, not to confuse this condition amoksiklav in infectious mononucleosis is not assigned.

You can not assign amoksiklav if the patient were any signs of individual intolerance of the drug. Tablets amoksiklava assigned only to adults and children after 12 years. For children up to 12 years is available a special form amoksiklava - suspension.

When pregnancy amoksiklav can be used, but with caution, and only on prescription. Despite the fact that the negative effects of this drug on the fetus were detected, nevertheless it should assign strictly indicated. The same applies to breastfeeding mothers - amoxiclav is excreted in human milk.

Amoksiklav relatively safe and effective, however, as any antibiotic, it has contraindications.