Types of antibiotics

There are antibiotics with antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor activity. Antibiotics affect the microorganisms or inhibiting their reproduction (bacteriostatic effect) or causing their death (bactericidal effect).

Antibiotics antimicrobial effect on the degree of exposure to certain microorganisms are significantly different from each other: some influence primarily on Gram-positive bacteria (bacteria which are sufficiently dense skin, however retain color upon staining Gram these include pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci, agents tetanus, botulism Botulism - beware of canned   et al.), and other gram-negative (bacteria, which are less dense shell, so do not hold color when stained with Gram, these include meningococcus, gonorrhea, dysentery bacillus, salmonella, etc.) bacteria, and others have a wide range of actions, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, rekketsii (small bacteria, parasites within cells of human tissue), Chlamydia Chlamydia: insidious and widespread disease   (large viruses) and a number of other infectious agents.

For broad-spectrum antibiotics are tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, neomycin, monomitsin, kanamycin, ampicillin, imipenem, cephalosporins, rifampicin.

Tetracycline

Tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline Doxycycline - penetrates into the tissue cells , Methacycline hydrochloride vibramitsin et al.) Have a broad spectrum of action they are active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative cocci (spherical bacteria), agents of bacillary dysentery, typhoid fever, spirochetes (bacteria elongated and spirally curved), Rickettsia, agents of especially dangerous infections (plague, tularemia, cholera), trachoma, some simple (eg agents of amoebic dysentery). At Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, true viruses and pathogenic fungi tetracyclines do not apply.

The mechanism of action of tetracyclines is associated with inhibition of intracellular protein synthesis of bacteria. In addition, tetracyclines bind some trace elements belonging to the bacterial enzymes, which also suspends the vital functions of bacteria. Tetracyclines have mainly bacteriostatic effect, so it is particularly effective in breeding bacteria.

Tetracyclines absorbed from the stomach and small intestine, not completely, but enough extent necessary to provide the required concentration excreted in the urine and bile.

Tetracyclines can have some side effects. For example, tetracyclines are irritating: ingestion - to the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting is nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc., with intramuscular administration - of the surrounding tissue (pain following injection, inflammation of the surrounding veins and so on) . Tetracyclines can have toxic effects on the liver and cause goiter, suppressing the normal intestinal microflora.

Cephalosporins

The first antibiotic Antibiotics - whether they will help you in the foreseeable future?   Group cephalosporins (cephalosporin C) was isolated from a fungus of the same name, was then created a large number of semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotics. Effective bactericidal cephalosporin that is killing pathogens. Cephalosporins are active against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and so on) and Gram (salmonella, dysentery pathogens, some strains of Proteus, E. coli, etc.) bacteria.

Cephalosporins are divided into preparations for oral administration (cephalexin, cefaclor) and preparations for parenteral (bypassing the gastrointestinal tract) administration (cephalothin, tsefatoksim).

Cephalosporins disadvantage is that they have a significant percentage of patients cause allergic reactions. From non-allergic reactions may result in kidney and decrease in the number of white blood cells (and, therefore, lowered immunity). In addition, cephalosporins have a local irritant effect, so when they are administered intramuscularly may arise pain and swelling, and ingestion - nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are administered by a doctor, since they can adversely affect not only pathogens, but also on the human body.

How is TB infection

Tuberculosis - one of the oldest diseases known to mankind. Physicians of the Middle Ages was called the disease tuberculosis because patients really "languished" in front of, and more than half of them died. While effective treatment for TB was not. Unfortunately, we can not speak about a final victory over the disease today. Let me say: especially today, when the social standard of living of certain segments of the population has fallen sharply, which immediately reflected on the quality of food, and the general living conditions. And these figures play an important role in the spread of tuberculosis. The relevance of this topic is confirmed yet and WHO data, according to which more than one third of the world's population are carriers of tuberculosis.

The causative agent of tuberculosis is resistant to acid producing bacteria, named for its discoverer tubercle bacillus .  The name is not accidental, since under the microscope after staining prior Ziehl - Nielsen pathogen has the form of red sticks, stand out a blue background .  However, in modern medicine, it is more often called Mycobacterium tuberculosis .  The victim of the pathogen can be both people and animals, and therefore TB is classified as zoonotic infections .  Mycobacterium is highly resistant to aggressive environmental factors: dairy products it is kept up to ten months in the water for almost six months, on the ground for up to three months .  And in the faeces of infected animals tubercle bacillus lives a year .  Based on these characteristics of the pathogen, it can be concluded that the incidence of tuberculosis among residents of rural areas is higher than among the urban population, which is confirmed by statistical data .

For the TB bacillus is characterized mainly airborne transmission mechanism, but the sustainability of the environment allows it to enter the body of the host and is contact-household path. The most common mycobacterium affects the lungs, but can meet and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: skin, eyes, digestive tract, urinary tract, meningeal, osteoarticular apparatus, and so on.

The penetration of Koch's bacillus in the body is not to say that people will inevitably fall ill .  Firstly, on guard our health are goblet cells lining the inner surface of the bronchi and abundantly covering the surface of his secret .  This viscous secret glues inhaled tuberculous mycobacteria, and, thanks to back-and-fro movements of the ciliated epithelium, with sputum pathogens are removed to the outside (for this reason it is necessary to stand-out phlegm spit) .  Secondly, even if the sticks Koch overcome this hurdle, the immune system does not allow them to immediately "roam" .  Alas, the factors of the immune barrier, unable to destroy pathogens, because they have properties that give them a strong defense antiimmunnuyu .  For example, they are able to destroy the lysosomes of macrophages, T . e .  the main representatives of cellular immunity, which absorb entering the body of disease-causing pathogens .  Lysosomes - is the main working tool of macrophages, which produces special enzymes that dissolve absorbed microbe .  Without lysosomes macrophages are not able to "digest" the mycobacteria and eventually destroyed, and the causative agent, safe and sound, is once again on the loose .

Thus, between the agent and the immune system The immune system - how it works?   retained a certain confrontation, and the person becomes a carrier. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can wait for many years, when the immunity gap arises due to a sharp hypothermia or nervous stress How to beat stress? Create an oasis Or another disease. In this case, it is activated, and there is a clinical picture of tuberculosis.

The forms of the disease

During pulmonary tuberculosis distinguish focal, disseminated, infiltrative, nodular, cavernous form of the disease, as well as their varieties. Depending on the shape and localization process determining therapeutic tactics. Classic anti-TB drugs are p-aminosalicylic acid, isoniazid, and streptomycin. Later they were joined by rifabutin, ethionamide, ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin - action time-tested   and etc.

Keep in mind that the treatment of tuberculosis - a long and expensive process that does not always guarantee complete freedom from the pathogen. Therefore, timely diagnosis is necessary to undergo an annual examination and fluorography, if the doctor considers it necessary, to agree on a course of preventive treatment. It will be cheaper and safer than the treatment has already developed tuberculosis.