The cancer - ovarian cancer - has a hormonal origin. Ovarian cancer symptoms are not specific to the disease; they often mimic symptoms of other disorders, including eating disorders and diseases of the bladder.

Symptoms

Usually, the symptoms of ovarian cancer are persistent and worsen over time. Signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer:

• The feeling of pressure or fullness in the abdomen;
• Discomfort or pain in the pelvic area;
• Constant indigestion, flatulence or nausea;
• Changes in intestinal motility;
• Unusually frequent urination;
• Lack of appetite or unusually rapid saturation;
• Increased waist;
• Permanent loss of strength;
• Lower back pain.

Types of ovarian cancer

Cancer that begins to develop in cells outside of the ovaries. Also referred to as an epithelial tumor, the cancer of this type is growing in a thin layer of tissue that covers the ovaries. It is the most common type of ovarian cancer.

Cancer that develops in the germ cells, or germ cell tumors are most common in young women.

Cancer that develops in the cells that produce hormones. This type of cancer or stromal tumor begins to develop in the tissues of the ovaries, which produce the hormones estrogen Estrogen - the key to bone health , Progesterone Progesterone - norm and pathology   and testosterone.

Risk factors

It is believed that the following factors increase the risk of ovarian cancer:

• Inherited gene mutations. A small percentage of all cases of ovarian cancer is caused by inherited gene mutations. Genes that increase the chance of developing ovarian cancer - is the breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Initially, these genes have been identified in families where noted numerous cases of breast cancer - so genes gave it its name. However, women with these mutations are often sick and ovarian cancer. Another genetic factor that can lead to the development of ovarian cancer - congenital syndrome called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Women with HNPCC increased risk of endometrial cancer, colon, ovarian and stomach.
• Ovarian cancer is a family history.
• Cancer Personal history. In women who have ever been diagnosed with cancer of the breast, colon, rectum or uterus, even after successful treatment there is an increased chance of developing ovarian cancer in the future.
• Age. The older the woman, the more increases the risk of ovarian cancer. Most often it develops after menopause, although it can occur at any age.
• Women who have never been pregnant, the probability of ovarian cancer is higher than the rest.
• Hormone replacement therapy Hormone therapy - is it possible to fool nature?   It can also increase the risk of ovarian cancer, although data are contradictory studies about this.

Diagnostics

In the first place in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer conducted gynecological examination Gynecological examination: an important component of women's health   and ultrasound.

If the results give cause for suspicion of ovarian cancer, the doctor may prescribe a diagnostic operation. During the operation, an incision in the abdomen and examine the ovaries. The physician may take samples of the ovarian tissue or fluid from the abdominal cavity. If it is found, it can be immediately carried out the removal of a cancerous tumor.

During the diagnosis and determine the stage of ovarian cancer. For this purpose, methods of medical imaging - computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography. In the first stage the cancer develops only in the ovaries - in both or one; in the second it starts to spread to other pelvic organs, such as the uterus and fallopian tubes. In the third stage cancer beyond the pelvic region, such as the lymph nodes in the peritoneal cavity; at the fourth stage ovarian cancer spread to distant organs such as the liver and lungs.

Treatment

Generally, for the treatment of ovarian cancer surgery performed, during which remove both ovaries, the fallopian tubes, uterus, and surrounding lymph nodes abdominal adipose tissue - a so-called oil seal, which is often spread cancers. If the cancer was diagnosed early, surgery may be less severe. For example, in the diagnosis of the first stage may be sufficient removal of the ovary and fallopian tube. After this operation the woman can still have children.

Often patients postoperatively administered chemotherapy needed to kill any remaining cancer cells in the body. In the later stages of cancer, chemotherapy may be used prior to surgery.

In most cases, the cause of liver cancer is not possible. Sometimes the cause of liver cancer is chronic infection caused by hepatitis viruses and certain genetic mutations.

Symptoms of liver cancer

In most people with liver cancer at an early stage causes no symptoms. In the later stages following symptoms may occur:

• Unexplained weight loss;
• Lack of appetite;
• Pain in the upper abdomen;
• Nausea and vomiting;
• General weakness and constant fatigue;
• The increase in the liver;
• Swelling of the abdomen;
• The yellow color of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice);
• Very light color stool.

Types of liver cancer

• Hepatocellular carcinoma Carcinoma - how to prevent disaster? . This is the most common form of liver cancer. She begins to grow in the hepatocytes, the main cells of the liver.
• Holoangiokartsinoma develops in the bile ducts located inside the liver. This cancer is sometimes also called cancer of the bile ducts.
• Hepatoblastoma - a type of liver cancer that usually occurs in infants and young children.
• Angiosarcoma starts to develop in the blood vessels of the liver and grows very quickly.

Risk factors

• Paul. Men more likely to develop liver cancer than women.
• Age. In North America, Europe and Australia, liver cancer most often occurs in older people. In the developing countries of Asia and Africa, liver cancer is usually diagnosed at an earlier age - in patients 20 to 50 years.
• Chronic infections caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) increase the risk of liver cancer.
• Cirrhosis. It is a progressive and irreversible damage results in the formation of scar tissue in the liver and increases the probability of developing liver cancer.
• Some inherited liver diseases, such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease Wilson's disease: the metabolism of copper -Konovalova.
• Diabetes.
• Alcohol abuse.
• Obesity.

Diagnostics

Tests and procedures used to diagnose liver cancer:

• Blood tests can detect abnormal liver function.
• Medical imaging techniques such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
• Biopsy. During this procedure, a thin needle is extracted sample of liver tissue for further study.

Treatment

For the treatment of liver cancer can be used the following methods:

• Removal of part of the liver surgically apply if the tumor is small and the liver in general is functioning well.
• Liver transplantation. During this operation, cancerous liver is removed entirely, but instead transplanted donor liver. This operation fits some patients with early-stage liver cancer.
• Freezing cancer cells. Cryoablation - is the use of extreme cold to destroy cancer cells. During the procedure, the doctor with the help of a special device enters the liquid nitrogen directly into a cancerous tumor in the liver.
• Radiofrequency ablation - the destruction of cancer cells by means of electric current, which is used to raise the temperature of that cancer cells, thus destroying them. by ultrasound or CT through small incisions in the abdomen are administered thin needle. When they reach the tumor, they are heated by an electric current, which leads to the death of cancer cells.
• Injection of alcohol into the tumor. This procedure is carried out or during surgery, or through the skin - a less invasive manner. Alcohol also causes cancer cell death.
• The injection into the liver drugs for chemotherapy. Chemoembolization - a kind of chemotherapy, in which the strong drugs injected directly into the liver. The drug is injected into the artery that supplies blood to the cancerous tumor, after which the artery is blocked.
• Radiotherapy. This method can reduce the size of the tumor and destroy cancer cells. For the treatment of cancer Cancer Treatment - difficult, but necessary   liver can be used radiotherapy species Radiotherapy in cancer treatment: irradiation aid   - Stereotactic radiosurgery. This method allows to concentrate the radiation emission on one body part.