It is assumed that in many cases the cause of cancers of the cervix is ​​human papilloma virus. This assumption is based on the fact that papillomavirus found in virtually all cervical cancers. However, this is a very common virus, and the majority of them women infected never develop cervical cancer. There are other factors that can contribute to the development of cancer.

Symptoms

Cervical cancer rarely causes symptoms in the early stages. As the progression of cancer symptoms may appear:

• Vaginal bleeding after intercourse - between periods or after menopause;
• Watery or bloody vaginal discharge, which can be very intense and have a bad smell;
• Pain in the pelvis;
• Pain during sexual intercourse.
• If you have any of these symptoms, consult a doctor.

Types of Cervical Cancer

• Squamous cell carcinoma Carcinoma - how to prevent disaster?   - Cancer that begins to grow in the cells covering the lower part of the cervix. It is the most common type of cancer of the uterus gang.
• Adenocarcinoma develops in the glandular cells covering the cervix Cervical canal - the path traversed by every person .

Sometimes cervical cancer begins to develop in the cells of both types simultaneously.

Risk factors

These factors may increase the risk of cervical cancer:

• A large number of sexual partners. The more sexual partners a person has, the greater the likelihood of contracting the human papillomavirus, which can lead to cervical cancer.
• Early sexual activity.
• The presence of other diseases, sexually transmitted diseases. Such STDs like chlamydia, gonorrhea Gonorrhea - self-ruled Syphilis Syphilis - punishment of Venus   or HIV / AIDS increases the risk of contracting HPV.
• The weakening of the immune system.
• Smoking.

Complications

Treatment of invasive cervical cancer often make it impossible to become pregnant in the future. Other complications are also associated with the applicable therapies - some of them may be hair loss, weakness, headache, nausea and vomiting. In most cases, these complications are temporary and are shortly after the end of treatment.

Diagnostics

Cervical cancer is usually diagnosed by biopsy. To determine the stage of cancer medical imaging techniques are used. There are 4 stages of cervical tags. In the first step a cancerous tumor grows only within the cervix, on the fourth - not only spread to adjacent organs, but also in the more remote, such as the liver and lungs.

Treatment

In the early stages of treatment for cancer of the cervix is ​​usually performed surgical procedure in which the cancer is removed, the cervix, and uterus. This operation is called a simple hysterectomy, and it is possible in cases when the tumor has penetrated into the cervix is ​​not more than 3 mm. In most cases, however, a radical hysterectomy - removal of the cervix, the uterus, the vagina and adjacent lymph nodes.

In the early stages of cancer radiation therapy may be as effective as surgery. Sometimes, radiation therapy is administered before or after surgery.

Chemotherapy may be used in combination with radiotherapy and itself. Large doses of chemotherapy drugs are usually given to patients with incurable cancer of the cervix that prolong their lives, and for some time to maintain an acceptable quality of life.

Prevention

For the prevention of cervical cancer it is recommended to use condoms to reduce the chance of contracting HPV, limit the number of sexual partners, and to be vaccinated against cervical cancer. In addition, women over 21 years should be every one to three years to make analysis of the smear to increase the likelihood of early detection of cervical cancer.

Testicular cancer, compared with other types of cancer is rare. He was very well treated, even when managed to spread beyond the testicle. In most cases the causes of testicular cancer are unknown. Cancer develops as a result of amendments and the abnormally rapid growth of body cells. It is not clear what causes these changes.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms of cancer Symptoms of cancer: time to recognize the disease - a guarantee of recovery   eggs:

• The appearance of the seal on the testicle and / or an increase in the testis;
• The feeling of heaviness in the scrotum;
• Dull pain in the abdomen or groin;
• The sudden stagnation of fluid in the scrotum;
• Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum;
• Increase or breast tenderness.

Typically, the cancer affects only one testicle.

Contact the doctor if any of these symptoms, especially if they are stored for two weeks or more.

Risk factors

Factors that may increase the risk of testicular cancer:

• Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism). In utero testicles are formed in the abdomen, and usually before birth descend into the scrotum. In some cases, however, this is not happening. This is believed to increase the risk of violation of testicular cancer.
• Abnormal development of the testis. Disorders that cause deviations in the development of testicular snaprimer, Klinefelter's syndrome, increase the risk of testicular cancer.
• Family history. People with close relatives that had testicular cancer are at risk for the disease.
• Age. Testicular cancer most often develops between the ages of 15 to 34 years. However, the likelihood of developing this disorder exists in any age.

Diagnostics

When testicular cancer is suspected, the following diagnostic procedures:

• Ultrasound examination, which reveals tumors in the testicles and determine whether they are tight or filled with fluid;
• A blood test determines the level of tumor markers. These substances present in blood always, but in some disorders including testicular cancer, their level increases. Although high levels of tumor markers does not necessarily indicate cancer, it allows the doctor to make an assumption about a possible diagnosis;
• Radical inguinal orchiectomy. If there is good reason to assume that the lump in the testicle is a cancer, it can be recommended removal of the testicle surgically. Remote egg is then sent to a lab for tests.

Determining the type of cancer

There are two main types of testicular cancer:

• Seminoma tumors - can appear in people of all ages, but is most common in older men. In general, seminoma is less aggressive than seminoma, moreover, is particularly sensitive to radiotherapy Radiotherapy in cancer treatment: irradiation aid .
• Non-seminoma usually develops at an early age, growing fast and spreading to other tissues. Typically, in the treatment of testicular cancer is the most effective chemotherapy Chemotherapy - it always falls the hair? .

The next stage of the diagnosis, determine the stage of cancer. It is necessary to choose the appropriate method of treatment. For this purpose a computer tomography and blood analysis.

There are three stages of testicular cancer:

• Stage 1 - cancer grows only in the testis.
• Stage 2 - the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the abdomen.
• Stage 3 - the cancer has spread to other parts of the body such as the lungs, liver, bones and brain.

Treatment

The most common treatment for cancer Cancer Treatment - difficult, but necessary   testes at all stages of a surgical procedure. Depending on the stage may also require removal of the lymph nodes in the groin area. Since during the operation is difficult to avoid damaging nerves, its consequence may be hindered ejaculation, erectile function, although typically not disturbed.

Radiotherapy is most frequently used in seminoma. Side effects of this treatment can be severe fatigue and irritation of the skin on the abdomen and groin.

Chemotherapy is usually given after surgery. It causes serious side effects, but is a very effective treatment for testicular cancer.