The disease is cancer of the esophagus - is usually a consequence of the power system, as well as the person's lifestyle. Its share of diagnosed malignant tumors take between two to five percent. Esophageal cancer is more common in men than women, and is developing mainly in the elderly.

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of cancer Symptoms of cancer: time to recognize the disease - a guarantee of recovery   esophagus:

• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia);
• Weight loss;
• Pain or burning sensation of pressure in the chest;
• Fatigue;
• Frequent feeling of choking while eating;
• Indigestion or heartburn Heartburn - no cause for concern? ;
• Cough or hoarseness.

Typically, symptoms appear only in the later stages of the development of esophageal cancer.

Types of esophageal cancer

• Adenocarcinoma develops in the cells that produce mucus in the esophagus. Most often, it starts to grow at the bottom of the esophagus.
• Squamous cell carcinoma grows in the cells that cover the surface of the esophagus. It generally develops in the middle of the esophagus. This is the most common type of esophageal cancer in the world.

Risk factors

It is believed that chronic irritation of the esophagus can promote cell DNA changes which can cause cancer of the esophagus. Factors that irritate the esophagus cells and increase the risk of developing cancer of the esophagus:

• Alcohol consumption;
• Reflux of bile;
• The use of chewing tobacco;
• Difficulty swallowing due to the fact that the esophageal sphincter muscle can not relax normally;
• Drinking very hot liquids;
• Lack of fruits and vegetables in the diet;
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD);
• Obesity;
• The presence of pre-cancerous changes in the cells of the esophagus (Barrett's esophagus);
• Effects of ionizing radiation on the chest and upper abdomen (such as radiotherapy);
• Smoking.

Complications

As it develops esophageal cancer can cause the following complications:

• The obstruction of the esophagus. The cancer can make the movement of food or liquids down the esophagus difficult or impossible;
• Strong pain;
• Bleeding in the esophagus;
• Significant weight loss. Soreness eating for cancer of the esophagus can lead to rapid weight reduction;
• Cough.

Diagnostics

For the diagnosis of cancer of the esophagus, the following methods:

• Endoscopy.
• X-ray examination of the esophagus.
• Biopsy.

If diagnosed with cancer of the esophagus, it is also necessary to determine its stage. It uses computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET).

There are four stages of esophageal cancer - from the first localized in the tissues of the esophagus, to the fourth, when the cancer is metastasis Metastasis - danger everywhere   in various parts of the body.

Treatment

For the treatment of small esophageal cancer, which develops in its upper layers, it may be recommended surgery to remove the tumor and a small portion of the surrounding healthy tissue. In the very early stages of esophageal cancer surgery is performed using an endoscope.

When more extensive tumor may be necessary esophagectomy - removal of the esophagus in which a tumor and surrounding lymph nodes. The remaining part of the esophagus connects to the stomach.

Sometimes surgery is required, which is called resection of the esophagus and proximal stomach - the removal of the esophagus, the upper stomach and surrounding lymph nodes.

From surgery to remove cancer of the esophagus associated risk of serious complications, including infection, bleeding, and leakage of the contents of the esophagus in the place where he was again connected to the stomach.

Before or after surgery, or instead it can be used such therapies, like chemotherapy Chemotherapy - it always falls the hair?   and radiation therapy. They are, individually and in combination with each other, are used to reduce the cancer (to facilitate operation) for the destruction of residual postoperative cancer cells, as well as to prolong life and to preserve the quality of life in patients with esophageal cancer at later stages.

Bone cancer is a rare type of cancer. It can start in any bone in the body, but most often affects the long bones in the arms and legs.

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of bone cancer:

• Pain in the bones;
• Swelling and pain in the affected area;
• Fractures;
• Fatigue;
• Unexplained weight reduction.

Types of bone cancer

The most common types of bone cancer are:

• Osteosarcoma - cancer that begins to develop in the cells of the bone tissue. Osteosarcoma is most common in children and young people.
• Chondrosarcoma cells formed from cartilage, which is generally located at the ends of bones. The disease most commonly affects the elderly.
• Ewing's sarcoma. It is still not clear what specific sarcoma cells begins to grow Sarcoma - a full recovery possible   Ewing. Scientists believe that it may develop in the nerve tissue of the bones. Ewing's sarcoma is most common among children and young people.

Risk factors

Although the reason for the development of bone cancer is unknown, it is assumed that the following factors are associated with an increased risk of the disease:

• Inherited genetic syndromes. Some rare genetic syndromes increase the risk of bone cancer; these include the Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and hereditary retinoblastoma.
• Paget's disease - a precancerous disorder that usually occurs in older people and increases the risk of bone cancer.
• Radiation therapy for cancer treatment. Exposure to high doses of radiation, as in radiation therapy increases the risk of bone cancer in the future.

Diagnostics

In the first stage of bone cancer diagnosis using imaging techniques:

• Bone scan;
• Computed tomography (CT);
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI);
• Positron emission tomography (PET);
• X-ray examination.

If the results of the survey with the help of these methods appear suspicious for cancer, for a more accurate diagnostic biopsy.

Surgery

Types of surgery used to treat cancer Cancer Treatment - difficult, but necessary   bones:

• Removing limbs. If the cancer is very large or is located in a remote place, you may need amputation of limbs - total or partial. With the development of other treatments, this procedure is used less and less.
• Removal of the tumor without removing limbs. If cancer can be separated from nerves and other tissue, limb removal can be avoided. Remote fragment of bone is replaced with bone from another part of the body or metal prosthesis.
• Surgery for cancer Breast cancer - the verdict?   bones without touching on the limb. If bone cancer developed not in the hands or feet, the surgeon may remove the affected bone (for example, in cases where the cancer affects the rib) and part of the surrounding tissue, or cut the tumor, preserving bone as possible (for example, if the cancer has developed in the spine ).

Radiation

Radiotherapy is used when the bone cancer can not be surgically removed. Sometimes it is used after surgery or for control of symptoms of cancer Symptoms of cancer: time to recognize the disease - a guarantee of recovery   in patients with advanced disease.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is often used before surgery to shrink a tumor to prevent removal of the tumor. It is also used for metastatic bone.