Motilium - a drug with antiemetic properties, which also has a regulatory effect on the activity of the gastrointestinal tract. This occurs by increasing the tone and motor activity of smooth muscles of the stomach and intestines.

The mechanism of action motilium

Motilium (active substance - domperidone) - is an antiemetic drug central action of blocking dopamine receptors, which comes in the form of lingual (for sucking in the mouth), tablets 10 mg, film-coated tablets for oral administration of 10 mg and suspensions reception inside in vials of 100 mg (5 ml suspension contains 5 mg of domperidone).

The mechanism of action is associated with the suppression of Motilium dopamine receptors. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, that is the substance with which the jitters is transmitted along nerve cells - from neuron to. Dopamine acts on dopamine receptors, resulting in suppression of locomotor activity of smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.

Medications - antagonists of dopamine receptor blocking dopamine uptake by nerve cells, causing nerve impulses do not come in the vomiting center located in the medulla oblongata, that suppresses vomiting of any origin. Reducing the amount of dopamine also leads to increased motor activity and tone of smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. The food is rapidly moving in the right direction from the stomach into the duodenum, small and large intestines.

For medicines anotagonistam worn motilium dopamine receptors, which is a manufacturer of Belgian pharmaceutical company Janssen Pharmaceutica. When administered motilium stimulates antral duration (at the junction of the stomach to the duodenum) and duodenal (duodenum), smooth muscle contraction, accelerates gastric emptying and increases the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter in healthy people. Thus motilium substantially misses in brain cells and has no associated adverse effects (side effects occur only as an exception), and no effect on gastric secretion.

Indications and contraindications - guide

Motilium is prescribed for the following diseases and conditions:

• nausea and vomiting of any origin, including drug-induced materials to improve the capture of dopamine neurons in the synapses, which are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease;
• diseases that are accompanied by delayed gastric emptying and flowing back into the food from the stomach into the esophagus (GERD) with the development of inflammation of the esophageal wall (reflux oesophagitis); including hernias and defects in the work of the lower esophageal sphincter;
• diagnostic tests, e.g., when administered for the purpose of barium X-ray examination of the gastrointestinal tract.

Contraindications reception Motilium in the gastro-intestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction, violation of the integrity of the wall (perforation) of the stomach or intestines, tumors of the pituitary gland secretes the hormone prolactin (dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion, respectively motilium can to some extent stimulate it), the simultaneous ingestion of some drugs (e.g., ketoconazole, fluconazole Fluconazole - used with caution , Erythromycin), breast-feeding Breastfeeding - a personal choice   breast and individual intolerance of components.

Limitations associated with the age of the dosage form of the drug: oral tablets are approved for use with children weighing more than 35 kg, lingual tablet - after five years, the suspension may be used to treat children of any age.

Be wary appoint motilium during pregnancy, the liver and kidney.

Side effects

Motilium - a drug that is well tolerated, however, the side effects associated with its use may arise:

• the part of the digestive system - dry mouth, thirst, diarrhea or constipation, transient intestinal cramps, accompanied by intestinal colic;
• the central nervous system - in case of contact with active substances in the brain may be headache, dizziness Dizziness - if the ground is slipping from under his feet , Extrapyramidal disorders; extrapyramidal system controls functions such skeletal muscle as posture, muscle tone, muscle willingness to move, fluidity, speed, accuracy and binocular movement; extrapyramidal disorders lead to changes in muscle tone, disturbance of locomotor activity, the appearance of muscle twitching (hyperkinesias), or, in contrast, immobility, and combinations thereof; All these violations are taking place after the abolition of Motilium Motilium - help with the vomiting and impaired motor activity of the stomach ;
• by the endocrine glands - increased secretion of the hormone prolactin by the pituitary gland, which causes release stimulation of breast milk, menstrual irregularities;
• Allergic reactions are also possible.

Galina Romanenko

Treatment of hepatitis B should take place under medical supervision and laboratory studies. Treatment is prescribed by the doctor individually, depending on the nature of the disease, its severity, the degree of liver dysfunction, the patient's age and the presence of his other chronic diseases.

Treatment of acute hepatitis B

Acute hepatitis B Hepatitis B - a dangerous inflammation of the liver   can occur as easy and hard. However, treatment of acute hepatitis B always begins with the assignment of bed rest and strict diets (table number 5A) with the exception of products, which can increase the burden on the liver and the entire gastrointestinal tract.

In less severe disease prescribe excessive drinking, with moderate and severe - intravenous drip of large amounts of the drug solution is washed away from the body of pathogens, their toxins, toxic products improper cellular metabolism and decay of tissue. Such solutions include 5% glucose solution, 0, 9% solution of sodium chloride, and other gemodez. Assign adsorbents (smectite polisorb, activated carbon Activated carbon - old but indispensable   etc) - are purified toxins from the intestine.

Be sure to designate hepatoprotectors - drugs that protect the liver cells from harmful influences. The group hepatoprotectors are polyunsaturated (essential) phospholipids which have the ability to reduce fatty change of the liver and neutralize free radicals (and Essliver Essentiale forte). One of the modern hepatic is ademetionine (Heptral), which has a detoxifying, regenerating, antioxidant, antifibriniziruyuschim, neuroprotective and antidepressant action. For herbal remedies with hepatoprotective action is silymarin (CARS), extracted from milk thistle fruit. Hepatoprotectors urgosan has also choleretic and dissolves stones.

The antiviral treatment of acute hepatitis B is carried out today even in mild disease - in most cases prevents the passage of hepatitis chronic. Widely used recombinant and natural alpha interferons: human leukocyte interferon vellferon, viferon, reaferon, Roferon-A, Introit-A Interal, realdiron and others. In recent years in the treatment of viral hepatitis have begun using pegylated interferon, the effectiveness of which is two times higher than normal.

In severe hepatitis B is often the appointment of interferon combined with another antiviral drug - lamivudine (Epivir). Sometimes Epivir used independently without interferon, such as during pregnancy (in this case interferon is contraindicated) or if a patient has an increased sensitivity to interferon.

Treatment of chronic hepatitis B

Chronic hepatitis Hepatitis - the scourge of our time   In most cases it goes unnoticed. Patients concerned about weakness, malaise, lack or loss of appetite, and sometimes - heaviness in the right hypochondrium. The goal of treatment in this case is a persistent suppression of virus reproduction and resolution of the inflammatory process in the liver.

Treatment of chronic hepatitis B does not provide for strict bed rest and a strict diet. The patient is recommended to limit heavy physical and psychological stress, as well as adhere to the rules of rational eating healthy, eat at least four times a day at the same time and avoid the appearance of excess weight (it can cause deterioration of the patient).

The latest treatments for hepatitis B involve the appointment of long-term antiviral therapy of pegylated interferon. Duration of treatment with interferon depends on the characteristics of the disease and the patient's general condition. The average treatment ranges from six months to a year.

Because drugs that have a direct antiviral effect for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B group of drugs used nucleoside analogues, such as lamivudine (Epivir). When the patient is contraindicated treatment with interferon, sometimes prescribed two different drugs from the group of nucleoside analogs, such as Epivir and adefavir.

In addition, patients with chronic hepatitis B treatments are appointed hepatoprotectors (Essliver fort Heptral Geptral - protection and support to the liver and not only , Kars, and so on), immunomodulators (Zadaxin), fortifying agent.

Preventing hepatitis B is vaccination. Specific immunoglobulin against hepatitis B prescribed for emergency prevention of this disease. Administering to immunoglobulin preparations containing antibodies to NBsAg can create time (35-40 days) protection against hepatitis B.

Galina Romanenko