Semisynthetic penicillins

Semisynthetic penicillins - a broad-spectrum antibiotics Broad-spectrum antibiotics - not only treat but also cripple Which are obtained by slightly altering the chemical basis of the natural penicillin, penicillin derived from fungi. As it turned out, it is much easier to do than to produce fully synthetic (artificial) antibiotics. Semisynthetic penicillins have on the bactericidal effect of infectious agents (killed), the mechanism of which involves a violation of the synthesis of cell wall components. Currently available in more and more products of this series, as to any antibiotics over time formed addictive infectious agents, and they become ineffective.

What flemoksin and its mechanism of action

Flemoksin soljutab (INN - amoxicillin) refers to a group of semi-synthetic pneitsillinov and produces various pharmaceutical companies under names such as amoksillat, gonoform, danemoks and others.

Flemoksin soljutab has a broad spectrum bactericidal action and is used for infections caused by susceptible to the bacteria.

Flemoksin active against staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, meningococci, E. coli, salmonella and dysentery pathogens Salmonellosis - features of the disease Chlamydia, helicobacter pylori bacteria that cause stomach ulcers and duodenal ulcers and other infectious agents.

Flemoksin resistant to gastric acid so effective when administered. After ingestion flemoksin rapidly and almost completely absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract (regardless of the meal). Maximum concentration in the blood is determined Flemoksin one to two hours after administration. The drug was well distributed in tissues and body fluids: high concentrations are achieved in the lungs, kidneys, and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, urine, blood, bronchial secretions, pleural and abdominal cavities. In normal liver function there is a high concentration of the drug into the bile. Flemoksin decomposed in the liver and excreted in the urine as metabolites and partially with faeces and bronchial secretions.

Indications for use

Flemoksin indicated for bacterial infections caused by susceptible to the pathogens:

• respiratory tract infections (bronchitis, pneumonia), inflammatory diseases of the tonsils, pharynx, middle ear, maxillary and frontal sinuses;
• infections of urinary organs: kidney and urinary tract (ureter, bladder, urethra), genital organs (gonorrhea, prostatitis, an inflammation of the ovaries and testicles, inflammation of the uterus Inflammation of the uterus: required hospitalization , Including abortion, and birth);
• infections of the gastrointestinal tract (typhoid, paratyphoid, salmonellosis) and bile ducts (cholangitis, cholecystitis);
• in a combination therapy for the treatment of gastritis and gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer;
• infections of skin and soft tissue .;
• infectious diseases (leptospirosis, listeriosis, borreliosis);
• to prevent infections before surgery;
• infections of the central nervous system caused by bacterial infection, including meningococcal;
• infections of the inner lining of the heart (endocarditis)
• blood poisoning (septicemia).

Contraindications

Admission flemoksin contraindicated:

• hypersensitivity to penicillin antibiotics, including semisynthetic;
• in infectious mononucleosis, a blood cancer (lymphatic leukemia) - increases the risk of side effects;
• in severe infections of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by constant vomiting and diarrhea (dehydration) - impaired absorption of the drug;
• viral infections;
• If the kidney function;
• breastfeeding.

Precautions flemoksin prescribed for allergic diseases (allergic reactions), inflammatory bowel disease Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Symptoms and Treatment   (interferes with the normal intestinal microflora, which strengthens all the inflammatory processes) and pregnancy (in spite of the fact that data on toxic and causes malformations effect of the drug is not).

Side effects possible while taking flemoksin

When receiving flemoksin may experience the following side effects:

• the part of the digestive system: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distension, abnormal liver function, inflammation of the colon (colitis);
• by the kidneys: the development of interstitial nephritis (inflammation of the connective tissue that makes up the "skeleton" of kidney);
• From hemopoiesis system: possible reduction in the number of leukocytes (lowered immunity), platelets (increased bleeding), gluing red blood cells (hemolytic anemia);
• Allergic reactions: skin reactions such as rash, angioedema and anaphylactic shock.

With an overdose of all the side effects worse.

Flemoksin soljutab produced pharmaceutical firm "Astellas Pharma Europe BV", the Netherlands.

Galina Romanenko

What is malaria and its causes

Malaria (swamp fever, intermittent fever) - an acute infectious disease caused by several species of protozoa and transmitted by the bite of an Anopheles mosquito. Malaria is widespread in warm and humid areas, causing in countries with tropical and subtropical climates significant mortality.

Malaria is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium (Plasmodium falciparum). Infection occurs when a female mosquito injection into human blood spores (dormant form) of the pathogen. From the blood of malaria parasites spores penetrate the liver cells, where one disputes (sporocytes) by repeated division formed up to several thousand pathogens. After a few weeks the newly pathogens enter the blood, where attached to specific receptors on the surface of red blood cells, which is the first cause of malaria symptoms.

How does malaria

The incubation period for malaria (time from infection to the first symptoms of the disease) is 1 to 6 weeks, sometimes - up to 14 months. After that, in some patients there is a slight chilliness, malaise, headache (this is the period when malaria parasites are in the liver). Then there are acute attacks of fever (primary attack), alternating with afebrile period.

Malarial attack consists of two phases - chills and sweating. Chills phase can last from several minutes to several hours, the body temperature in this period reaches 39-40 ° C and above, the patient was pale with a hint of cyanosis, his skin cold, covered with pimples ("goose"). Worried very bad headache Headache: Causes and Complications , Increasing muscle aches, vomiting, thirst, sometimes dizziness and light-headedness. Increasing the heat causes a sharp reddening of the face, palpitations. After finishing this phase occurs a sharp sweating, the body temperature drops below normal. The patient's condition is improving, there is only weakness.

Immunity after malaria formed slowly and almost does not protect against a recurrence, although with repeated infection of the disease is not so hard.

Diagnosis of malaria

Diagnosis is based on typical signs and laboratory investigations. In the blood of patients reveal malaria parasites. To do this, there are methods of thick and thin smear.

Thick smear is skrinningovym (allows you to explore a large number of people in order to identify cases of malaria). Once detected with malaria, it examined more carefully, specifying the type of malaria parasite. This can be done only by a thin smear.

Treatment of malaria

Malaria treatment is carried out by various drugs that are able to destroy the pathogen and to suspend the development of the attack of the disease. But leading drug, like many years ago, is quinine.

For the treatment of acute manifestations of malaria gematotsidy administered (e.g., mefloquine), which act on intracellular erythrocytic forms of malaria (but are not effective against liver stage parasites). Mefloquine is also effective against malaria parasites that are resistant to other antimalarial drugs.

Distant recurrences can preduperedit using another group of drugs - shizontotsidov tissue (eg, primaquine), which are able to completely eradicate malaria parasites.

Prevention of Malaria

Prevention of malaria - a preventive drugs, destruction of mosquitoes and the means to prevent mosquito bites.

Preventive medications are used when visiting the country, threatened by the incidence of malaria and include a number of drugs used to treat malaria. Take their usual daily or weekly, but less than the treatment dose. Most often used for this purpose quinine, which, unlike other anti-malarial drugs do not develop resistance (immunity) of malaria. Since the effect of antimalarial drugs does not develop immediately, you should start taking them for 10 days before leaving the country, threatened by malaria, and still continue to receive within a month after his return.

To kill mosquitoes spend the draining of wetlands, using insecticides (means destroying insects). Users are protected from mosquitoes by using mosquito nets and chemicals, insect repellent (repellent).

Malaria has always been and remains a deadly disease, every year thousands of people are infected with it, visiting countries in the tropics and subtropics, so before such trips should consult a doctor.

  Galina Romanenko