Pantogam considered a safe drug with a soft effect. Nevertheless, and in its administration, it may cause different side effects. Some of them are more common than others - less, but they require careful attention and reporting doctor prescribe treatment.

Pantogam refers to nootropil with GABAergic activity. GABA (gammoaminomaslyanaya acid) enhances the energy processes in the brain by increasing glucose uptake Glucose: The energy source   nerve cells and improving the cerebral circulation. Pantogam has a mild activating effect on the central nervous system, has anti-hypoxic (prevents harmful effects on the brain lack of oxygen) and antioxidant (prevents negative effects on brain cells of free radicals - toxic particles formed as a result of redox reactions and destroying cells) properties It stimulates the regenerative processes in neurons.

A particularly important feature is its ability to pantogam prevent occurrence of seizures by restoring the balance between excitation and inhibition, as well as the fact that he has a mild sedative effect, the ability to reduce the excitability of the motor with simultaneous stimulation of health and mental activity.

Application pantogam

Pantogam used in a variety of neurological and psychiatric diseases Mental illness - ashamed to ask for help? As well as in border states with impaired memory, learning ability. In most cases it is not receiving any adverse events, however all of them have, as each medicament.

From allergic side effects are more common allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. So, after taking the drug in the patient suddenly starts pinching his nose, watery eyes, then a nasal (mucosal edema) of the nose and heavy liquid separation. There may also appear different skin rashes in the form of plaques, and even bubbles. In some cases, the rash takes the form of urticaria Hives - burning itch : Papules quickly (in his eyes) grow, merging with each other. This rash can go as fast as it came. But it may grow, in which case it would be very dangerous, especially in children, as urticaria is often associated with edema Prevention and treatment of edema - it is important to understand the root cause   the vocal cords. On the involvement of the vocal cords can speak voice changes: he becomes hoarse, rough or disappears altogether.

In this case, you want to immediately call an ambulance. Before the arrival of an ambulance to take a pill every antihistamine (diphenhydramine, suprastin, Tavegilum, diazolin) - this will reduce the swelling of the larynx. At the same time you need to put your feet in a basin of hot water as much as possible - it will cause a rush of blood to the legs with a simultaneous decrease in blood volume in the larynx, which also help relieve swelling. Of course, after such a reaction, it applies Pantogamum already be impossible.

Application pantogam: reaction from the central nervous system

Sometimes Pantogamum can give paradoxical reaction of the central nervous system. They may be different, especially in children. For some children the reaction of the nervous system are manifested in increased sleepiness and lethargy, while others - in the increased excitability, shrill and severe physical activity. These children do not sleep at night shouting, capricious, or, on the contrary, become lethargic and apathetic. In elderly patients may appear or amplify the noise in my head and broken motor coordination. In such a case, or adjust the dose, or cancel it altogether, replacing other nootropic. Such action pantogam is quite rare, it is usually well tolerated, but, nevertheless, you need to know about it.

It is a rare complication (the producers did not even show) is an acute liver dysfunction due to a shortage of some biologically active substances, which is the antagonist Pantogamum. However, in clinical practice, such complications are not practically be. Yet when a sudden nausea, vomiting, or yellow skin and mucous membranes (mostly conjunctiva) should immediately stop taking pantogam and seek medical advice.

Pantogam - this is a good, proven in clinical drug, but like any drug, has an active effect on the body, it can give and adverse effects. They should not fear (because they are very rare), however, you need to know about them in time to seek medical help.

Galina Romanenko

The development of the clinical picture of meningitis occurs acutely. The nature of the disease requires medical assistance during the first day. Treatment of meningitis can not be postponed for the time, as the consequences may be irreversible. From the start of treatment depends on the prognosis for the patient's life, the functional state of the brain after recovery.

Approaches to the appointment of antibacterial therapy

The spectrum of agents that can cause inflammation, is varied. Meningitis is caused not only bacteria, as well as viral and fungal infections Fungal infection: to prevent and defeat , Protozoa. Mostly pathogenic effect of bacteria, so antibiotics prescribed in meningitis as the main form of therapy. There is a standard approach to the selection of an antibacterial agent, but fast as meningitis or severe course should follow other approaches to the choice of treatment strategy. The drug is prescribed for that purpose, that its spectrum of activity to cover as many possible pathogens.

Treatment of meningitis with antibiotics should be done in an intensive care unit, where the patient is hospitalized. A broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity have penicillin drugs, so they are considered the drugs of choice. At the present stage it is recommended to use a protected penicillins that avoids significant side reactions during the course of therapy and achieve good clinical results. Amoksiklav meningitis administered intravenously, since the introduction of this method maximizes the concentration of the antibiotic.

The efficacy of the drug at the inflammatory process in the meninges of active components due to the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, i.e. accumulate in the brain structures. Amoksiklav meningitis should first be prepared for intravenous administration, for which the dry content can be dissolved in the water solution for injection. After dissolution, the drug should be used for twenty minutes as it can not be stored for a long time.

What determines the duration of therapy

If antibiotic therapy was started on the first day of the disease, it is possible to observe a significant improvement in the patient's condition in a few days. There is a decrease in body temperature, vomiting stops, reduces the severity of headaches and other meningeal symptoms. If later the patient remains stable, the antibiotics can be extended to two weeks (an average of 10 to 14 days). If any complications or for the treatment of severe forms of bacterial meningitis Bacterial meningitis - the reasons for the spread of infection   treatment is continued until three weeks.

There are no specific standards on the basis of which it is possible to say how many treated meningitis. The question of the duration of taking medication is decided on the basis of the dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters. Prior to the start of therapy is necessary to take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for bacteriological examination and make control study before decide to cancel antibiotics. Based on these results the doctor can decide on how to treat meningitis, that is to continue therapy or drug to be replaced funds from other groups of antibiotics.

Antibiotics can be canceled in the following cases:

• availability of sterile cerebrospinal fluid during the pilot study
• in punctate should contain no more than 100 cells
• apyrexia

Preparations for the treatment of meningitis should continue to receive until the results of the control puncture. Blood tests meningitis is an indicator of the effectiveness of the therapy, shows the presence of inflammatory changes in the body.

The most effective combination of drugs

Treatment of meningitis in adults often begin with empirical prescribing when applied before the results of the survey. This approach is justified also in pediatric practice as meningitis Meningitis - an inflammation of the meninges   often develops in young children. When a serious condition of the patient can use a combination of several drugs, such as antibiotics, penicillins and cephalosporins.

Recently, as the causative agent of meningitis perform those bacterial strains that do not have the sensitivity to penicillin. In this case, use the cephalosporin antibiotics or aminoglycosides. It should exclude the presence of intolerance antibacterial agent, so thoroughly has to be assembled allergic history of the patient and appropriate tests for susceptibility to a particular antibiotic.

It can be successfully included in the regimen of drugs of fluoroquinolones group. The limitation is the age of the patients, since these antibacterial agents may be administered to children and adolescents under strict indications. If a specific pathogen is determined by resistance to other known drugs, is permitted to include in the fluoroquinolone regimen. Tsiprolet meningitis used for intravenous infusion, it is important to monitor the functional state of the urinary system. When existing renal insufficiency Kidney failure - when treatment is vital   the daily dose is reduced.