Probably, you do not need scientists to understand that your metabolism slows down with age. However, they are still studying the issue and sometimes make interesting discoveries, including those that help the metabolism to help get back to work faster.

The average woman during adult life is gaining weight at 600-700 grams per year - enough to to 50 years to discover that you are overweight. Of course, if you're not struggling with problems such as hormonal swings, loss of muscle tissue and stress How to beat stress? Create an oasis Which lead to the fact that the body processes food slower, more of it is deposited as fat. This can be avoided, and many women applied considerable efforts to keep a healthy weight in adulthood. Can not this is not everything, and last but not least - because of errors that the woman and commits.

You eat too little

To lose weight and prevent weight gain after 40 years, you must reduce your calorie intake, but it is important not to overdo it. When you eat less than is needed to maintain normal biological functions (for most women is about 1,200 calories) the body slows down the metabolism drastically. Moreover, it begins to break down precious muscle tissue, which burns calories even when the body is at rest.

To metabolism Improves metabolism and losing weight without dieting   worked quickly, you need to eat regularly, and just enough to not feel hungry. Between the three main meals (each of which must be about 430 kcal) allow yourself snacking approximately 150 kcal. Taking food every 3-4 hours, you will be able to avoid a decrease in metabolic rate, and excessive hunger, which is often the cause of overeating.

You avoid caffeine

Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system and increases the metabolic rate by 5-8%, increasing the daily calorie consumption at 98-174 kcal. Cup green tea because it contained catechins and caffeine, it can accelerate the metabolism How to speed up metabolism - the beginning of weight loss   12%. This effect persists for several hours.

You eat "white carbohydrates"

Sugar and bakery products from flour slow metabolism. Increase your intake of fiber in the diet include whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Research shows that some fiber-rich foods can speed up metabolism by 30%. Women who regularly eat cellulose, age gain less weight than those who abuse white carbohydrates. RDA of fiber - 25 g; roughly contained in three portions of fruits or vegetables.

Do you drink water at room temperature

Recently, scientists have found that drinking six glasses of cold water a day, you can burn up to 50 calories a day more - that's enough to lose weight for the year by nearly 2.5 kg. This effect is explained by the fact that the body has to spend more energy to heat the water up to body temperature.

In your diet is not enough protein

Plan your diet so that you get protein with every meal that you eat. They are required by the body to build muscle tissue and support its work. Include in each meal, for example, 100 grams of lean meat, two tablespoons of nuts or 250 grams of yogurt. Because protein processing requires much energy metabolism after ingestion of food protein is accelerated, on average, 35%.

You need more iron

Iron is necessary for transporting oxygen to the muscle cells, thus ensuring the normal operation of muscles. Before menopause, women lose iron every month with the blood - during menstruation. If you do not make up its stock, iron deficiency causes fatigue and slowing metabolism Metabolism: The basis of life of all living things . Rich sources of this material are meat, legumes, grains, spinach, shellfish and apples.

You do not have enough vitamin D

Vitamin D is important for maintaining an optimal level of metabolism. Unfortunately, in the diet, about 4% of people over 50 years does not contain enough iron. Meanwhile, get 90% of the RDA gland (400 IU) may be eating just one serving of salmon weighing 100 g, this vitamin is also found in tuna, shrimp, tofu and eggs.

You are abusing alcohol

When you relax, you are limited to one or two glasses of wine or a cocktail. Alcohol is very high in calories, so when you drink, fat burning slows down - just eliminated the need for this, as there is another source of energy.

Your diet does not have enough milk products

Calcium deficiency is very common among women may contribute to a slower metabolism. Eating foods rich in calcium - milk, yogurt, cottage cheese - reduces fat absorption from other foods.

Metabolic disorders - a condition interfere with the normal chemical processes needed for growth, maintaining healthy cells and tissues, O wastes and generate energy for the body to function. As a result, the body can be too much or too little of certain substances (e.g., proteins, fats and carbohydrates). This imbalance often leads to malfunction of various organs.

Inborn error of metabolism: the discovery of scientists

About a hundred years ago, the English scientist Archibald Garrod has suggested that some people may inherit genetic information that leads to incorrect metabolism Metabolism: The basis of life of all living things . As is known, the gene responsible for the transfer of various characteristics from parents to children. Parents usually do not have metabolic abnormalities, but they do not know about, are carriers of the mutant gene. Inheritance of mutant genes from both parents leads to the child's problems with the processing of certain substances. At the time, the theory of Garrod was revolutionary, since no one has yet suggested that the chemical processes occurring in the body, may be somehow related to heredity. Moreover, while it was thought that diseases are caused solely by external factors - such as fungal organisms or bacteria.

In 1908, in his lectures Garrod described several inherited diseases caused by a lack or total absence of certain enzymes. Enzymes - a substance that controls or accelerate certain chemical reactions in the body. Patients with three of the above named diseases - homogentisuria, cystinuria and pentozurii - in the urine detected abnormally high levels of certain acids or sugars; This indicated that the body can not properly digest them. The assumption that these patients lack the enzymes needed for their processing, or they function properly looked plausible. Dr. Garrod called these violations inborn error of metabolism, and this term is used to this day.

In the century that has passed since the time when Dr. Garrod made their discovery, scientists have identified more than 200 genetic mutations that lead to malfunction of metabolism.

As metabolism is working OK?

After food and beverages are split into a substance that can use the body, the main section of the process called metabolism. Generally, a series of chemical processes by which the body uses derived from food nutrients to perform various functions. These processes are very complex, they include hundreds of reactions occurring one after the other along the chain. Metabolism can be represented as a system, it is subject to a domino effect in which each domino (chemical reaction), falling, causing the next, and so on - until the desired result. During metabolism distinguish two main phases:

• Anabolism, or phase of construction includes all the processes that occur when the body uses nutrients for the development and creation of new fabrics, as well as processes in which simple substances are converted into more complex. For example, during digestion of food highlights important components - amino acids. In the course of anabolic body converts them into the proteins necessary for the development and maintenance of good health. Protein - is the main construction material of all living tissues, including muscle, skin, and internal organs. It is also necessary for the formation of enzymes, hormones and antibodies Antibodies - "soldiers' immunity   - Substances that are important for the normal functioning of the body.
• Catabolism or phase failure, includes process moving in the opposite direction, the splitting of complex substances to simpler release of energy used for the motion, operation, and generating heat. For example, in the liver and muscle carbohydrate stores called glycogen. When the body needs energy, it converts glycogen to glucose Glucose: The energy source . After that, glucose is broken down in the body's cells, and energy is released, due to which a person performs all daily activities.

The missing enzymes

None of the processes that are part of metabolism, can not be carried out without the involvement of enzymes. Each enzyme consists of the amino acids that are the building blocks of proteins. Amino acid sequence of the enzyme is determined in human genes. In people with congenital metabolic disorders in certain genes have mutations, due to which in the body or that the enzymes can not be produced, or not functioning properly.

To understand what that means, imagine that the enzymes - are words, and amino acids - the letters of the alphabet. When there is a typo in a word, the letters are arranged properly, and the meaning of a word becomes unclear, or even lost. When in the structure of the enzyme is a "misprint" amino acids therein are also located in the wrong order, which leads to disruption of the enzyme. As a result of the metabolic step which controls active enzyme does not pass as it should.

There are hundreds of possible "misprints", which can cause a variety of metabolic disorders. Some are more serious, others - less. Some metabolic disorders are treatable, while others can not be disinfected.

Untreated materials which due to defects of the enzyme can not be properly processed accumulate in the body; Sometimes, on the contrary, there is a shortage of certain substances. In both cases, the result is an imbalance that is causing the development and functioning of many tissues and organs, including the brain. The consequences of this can be extremely serious, sometimes - irreversible.