Cholera - a bacterial disease that is usually spread through contaminated water. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. Without treatment cholera can lead to death within hours, even if ill - previously completely healthy people.

Modern sewage system and water treatment have virtually eliminated cholera in industrialized countries. However, cholera is still found in Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, India and Africa region, sub-Saharan Africa. The risk of a cholera epidemic is particularly high when poverty, war or natural disaster forced large numbers of people live in extremely cramped conditions without adequate sanitation.

Cholera is easily treated. The death in this disease is the result of severe dehydration, which can be prevented with a simple and inexpensive solution for rehydration.

Symptoms

Most people exposed to the cholera bacterium (Vibrio cholerae), do not become ill with cholera and never know they were infected. However, within 7-14 days, bacteria will be present in their chair, and they may infect others if their faeces fall into the water. In most of the symptomatic cases of cholera it causes mild to moderate diarrhea, which is often difficult to distinguish from diarrhea caused by other reasons.

Only one of ten infected, typical signs and symptoms of cholera, usually within a few days after infection.

Symptoms of cholera:

Diarrhea. Cholera induced diarrhea starts suddenly and can quickly lead to loss of liquid dangerous rate - to 0.95 liters per hour. Chair cholera patients usually milky and very fluid.

Nausea and vomiting are observed in both the early and later stages of cholera; vomiting episodes can last up to several hours.

Dehydration can develop within a few hours after the onset of symptoms of cholera. Depending on the amount of fluid lost dehydration varies from mild to severe. Loss of 10% or more of total body weight indicates severe dehydration.

Symptoms of dehydration in cholera may be irritability Irritability - you try to control my temper , Lethargy, sunken eyes, dry mouth, a very strong thirst, dry and wrinkled skin, very rare urination or absence of urination, low blood pressure and uneven heartbeat (arrhythmia).

Dehydration can lead to rapid loss of minerals (electrolytes) providing fluid balance in the body. Electrolyte imbalance, in turn, can cause symptoms such as:

Muscle cramps, which are the result of the rapid loss of sodium, chloride and potassium.

Shock - one of the most serious complications of dehydration. Shock occurs when the decreased blood volume causes a drop in blood pressure and reducing the amount of oxygen in the body. If untreated, severe hypovolemic shock can lead to death in just a few minutes.

Signs and symptoms of cholera in children

Normally cholera in children manifest the same symptoms as adults, but they can be added:

• Fever;
• Convulsions;
• Extreme drowsiness or even coma.

While in industrialized countries cholera is rare, with the appearance of severe diarrhea Diarrhea (diarrhea) - a familiar nuisance   recommended to undergo a medical examination. If you have any of these symptoms, and there is a chance that you have been infected with cholera - for example, traveled to the region in which the disease is spread - contact your doctor immediately.

Causes

As already mentioned, the causative agent of cholera Vibrio cholerae is the bacterium - Vibrio cholerae. However, the deadly consequences of this disease are the result of a powerful toxin that the bacteria produce in the small intestine. Cholera toxin attaches to the intestinal wall, breaking the normal movement of sodium and chlorine. Because of this, the body is derived from a huge quantity of water begins and Diarrhea rapid loss of fluid and electrolytes.

Contaminated water is the main peddler of cholera, Vibrio cholerae but can also live shellfish, fresh fruit and vegetables and certain other foods.

Vibrio cholerae can remain for a long time on the surface. In areas where cholera is common, massive infection often occur through the public drinking water supply.

Risk factors

Risk factors for infection with cholera are:

• Poor sanitation.
• Reduced gastric acidity. Vibrio cholerae can not survive in the acidic environment of gastric juice and with normal levels of acidity can protect people from the disease. If the production of gastric acid, increasing the chance of infection.
• Blood group 0 (the first group). For unknown reasons, the probability of infection with cholera, ceteris paribus for the owners of this blood group Blood groups - what do you know yours?   two times higher than for the other.

Tsiprolet generally well tolerated, but, like any effective antibacterial drug, it has a lot of side effects that conscientious manufacturers always specify in his instructions. Doctor tsiprolet the appointment should take into account the possible consequences of its use.

Side effects that may occur during the treatment tsiprolet

Side effects when taking tsiprolet occur approximately every tenth patient, the need for withdrawal of the drug occurs in a third of them. Side effects may occur on the part of the digestive system, brain and spinal cord, the locomotor system, circulatory organs and blood formation.

• the part of the digestive system are manifested as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence, disturbances of appetite, jaundice, hepatitis and even necrosis (dying off) liver, liver dysfunction. Violations of the liver are rare, but they happen, and this suggests that the drug has some hepatotoxic.
• the central nervous system - is dizziness, headache (including migraine in the form of, on the one side of the head), irritability, weakness, fear, anxiety Anxiety - how to distinguish normal from disease? , Depression, sleep disturbances Dreams: how to understand our dreams , Tremors, disturbances in the perception of feelings of pain, increased sweating, high intracranial pressure, confusion and fainting, hallucinations, blockage of cerebral arteries by a thrombus.
• From the senses - visual disturbances (diplopia, disturbance of color vision), hearing loss, the taste and smell.
• the part of the circulatory system - heart palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias, lowering blood pressure, rush of blood to the head.
• Hematopoietic system - reducing the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood (leukopenia), combined with a reduction in the number of granular white blood cells (granulocytopenia) - this causes a sharp decline in immunity; In some cases, the number of white blood cells, in contrast, increased (leukocytosis); a decrease in blood red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia) or an increase - thrombocytosis.
• From the laboratory parameters: gipoprotrombinemii (tendency to bleed) hypercreatininemia (transient renal failure), hyperbilirubinemia (transient liver dysfunction), hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar).
• by the kidneys and urinary tract - sand, protein and blood in the urine Blood in the urine - a reason for serious concern , Infectious-allergic and inflammatory diseases of the kidneys (glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis), painful urination, urinary retention, bleeding from the urethra, renal failure.
• on the part of the musculoskeletal system - the pain and inflammation in the joints, pain in the muscles.
• Other side effects - general weakness, superinfection (the reproduction of microflora is not sensitive to tsiprolet, such as fungi of the genus Candida), pain and inflammation at the injection site.

Allergic reactions - itching, sensitivity to light, rash and anegionevrotichesky edema, bronchospasm, temperature rise (drug fever), pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae), nodular erythema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (malignant exudative erythema), toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome ).

This is not necessary to appoint tsiprolet

Tsiprolet not prescribed for severe inflammatory diseases of the colon (pseudomembranous colitis), pregnancy and nursing Breastfeeding - a personal choice   feeding, children and adolescents under 18 years of age and in case of hypersensitivity to the tsiprolet or other drugs of fluoroquinolones group.

Precautions tsiprolet prescribed for certain diseases of the central nervous system, as it can provoke an aggravation of the disease, seizures. Also, the drug is prescribed with caution in diseases of the kidney and liver function, and a violation of their elderly patients who have a lot of chronic diseases. In such patients, the dose should be reduced tsiprolet.

During the course of treatment, patients should not engage in activities requiring reaction speed and concentration.

For the prevention of formation sand in the urine of patients receiving tsiprolet should receive a sufficient amount of liquid. Avoid excessive alkalinity of urine.

Tsiprolet - highly effective and safe enough antibiotic, but it may appoint a doctor.

Galina Romanenko