Antibiotics tetracycline

Antibiotics - are natural substances of different origin, selectively inhibit vital functions of bacteria. Nowadays there are a large number of natural and semi-synthetic (they slightly changed the chemical formula of natural) antibiotics, which in the spectrum of its effects are different groups of drugs.

One group of antibiotics are tetracyclines, they can be both natural and semisynthetic. Origin of the antibiotics of this group - chlortetracycline (aureomycin, biomycin) was isolated from the ray fungi were then opened tetracyclines and other natural and semisynthetic tetracyclines (methacycline hydrochloride, doxycycline hydrochloride, and so on).

The mechanism of antimicrobial action of tetracyclines is associated with inhibition of intracellular protein synthesis of bacteria and synthesis of enzymes necessary bacteria. Action tetracycline bacteriostatic (bacteria suspension of life, including reproduction) action.

Tetracycline and its mechanism of action

Tetracycline - a natural broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by a species of ray fungi. Tetracycline inhibits the livelihoods of many Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, some acid-fast bacilli, rickettsia and viruses by major violation of protein synthesis, and certain enzymes needed to build cells of microorganisms. Not active against Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and most fungi and small viruses. After oral tetracycline is rapidly absorbed into the blood, permeating many organs and tissues. The required concentration of tetracycline for the treatment of blood creates approximately two hours after administration and maintained for half a day. The decomposed body of tetracycline and then excreted in the urine and partially with faeces.

Indications for use

Tetracycline is available in pill form for internal use and ointments. Inside tetracycline prescribed for the following infectious and inflammatory processes caused by microorganisms sensitive to tetracycline:

• respiratory diseases and upper respiratory tract: inflammation of the lungs, bronchi, pleura (lung membranes), tonsillitis, sinusitis;
• with severe diseases of other organs: endocarditis (inflammation of the inner cavities of the heart), inflammation of the urinary and biliary tract;
• Infectious diseases: bacterial and amoebic dysentery, whooping cough This pest, pest whooping ... , Scarlet fever, brucellosis and tularemia (acute infectious diseases transmitted to humans from animals), typhus and relapsing tifah, cholera;
• when sexually transmitted diseases: gonorrhea, syphilis;
• purulent meningitis Purulent meningitis - can be caused by different pathogens   (inflammation of the meninges);
• when blood poisoning (sepsis);
• for the prevention of infectious complications in surgical patients.

Topically as an ointment tetracycline used in infectious diseases of the eye, burns, phlegmon (acute, are not clearly delineated purulent inflammation), mastitis (inflammation of the breast), and so on.

Contraindications

Tetracycline is contraindicated in:

• in case of hypersensitivity to the drug tetracycline;
• with any fungal diseases;
• with severe liver and kidney diseases;
• while reducing the number of leukocytes in the blood;
• Pregnancy and breast- Breastfeeding - a personal choice   breast;
• children up to 8 years.

Possible consequences

Despite the fact that tetracycline is generally well tolerated by its administration may cause the following side effects:

• from the gastrointestinal tract: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue (stomatitis and glossitis), inflammation of the walls of the stomach (gastritis), goiter (disruption of normal intestinal flora, which can lead to failure of B vitamins B), inflammation of the colon, the liver;
• From the nervous system: increased intracranial pressure, dizziness Dizziness - if the ground is slipping from under his feet , Unsteady gait;
• From the urinary system: renal failure;
• with a side of blood: reducing the number of red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells (immune disorders);
• Skin and mucous membranes: hives and increased sensitivity of the skin to the action of sunlight (photosensitivity);
• deposition in bone, enamel and dentin of the teeth tetracyclines insoluble complexes with calcium, which can change their color (brown "tetracycline" teeth);
• long-term use of tetracycline may experience complications caused by the development of candidiasis (skin and mucous membranes of internal organs drozhzhevidnym fungus genus Candida).

Currently, tetracycline is applied is limited because of the rather large number of side effects and addictive thereto pathogens.

Galina Romanenko

Polyene antibiotics

Polyene antibiotics - is antimycotics of natural origin produced by various microorganisms. The mechanism of action consists in the fact that they are firmly bound to ergosterol (the biologically active substances contained in the cells of fungi), fungal cell membrane, disrupting the integrity of the membrane, which leads to the destruction of cells. Polyene antibiotics active against most pathogenic fungi and some protozoa, such as Trichomonas, Leishmania, and amoebae. By polyenes resistant fungi causing trichophytosis and microsporia (ringworm).

All polyenes practically not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract by ingestion, as well as the surface of intact skin and mucous membranes when applied topically. The first of this series were antibiotics Nystatin Nystatin - help with candidiasis   levorin and who had a lot of side effects. The latest generation of polyenes is pimafutsin.

The mechanism of action pimafutsin

Pimafucin (INN - natamycin) - is an antifungal polyene antibiotics broad-spectrum macrolide. Pimafutsin sterols binds cell membranes, disturbing its integrity and function, which leads to the death of microorganisms. This antifungal antibiotic sensitivity of most pathogenic yeasts (including fungi genus Candida). It is less sensitive to fungi that cause trichophytosis, microsporia and athlete (ringworm Ringworm - not only infectious disease   and fungal skin lesions feet). Getting used to the pathogens pimafutsin not found.

Pimafutsin practically not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract (due to enteric coat it valid only in the intestine), with the surface of the skin and mucous membranes.

Pimafutsin is used to treat fungal infections of the skin and mucous membranes of the intestines, ear, skin, nails, genitals. He produced in the form of tablets for oral, vaginal suppositories Vaginal suppositories - for contraception and treatment of inflammation , Creams and suspensions for external application. Candles under the influence of body temperature quickly dissolve to form a volume extending frothy that promotes uniform distribution of the active substance.

Indications and contraindications for use

Indications for admission pimafutsin are fungal diseases of the skin and mucous membranes caused by microorganisms sensitive to it (including pregnant women, nursing mothers and newborn children):

• candidiasis against decrease in the protective properties of the organism (immunity), including chronic administration of hormonal contraceptives and certain medications that suppress the immune system (for example, used for the treatment of tumors);
• candidiasis, caused by taking antibiotics;
• candidiasis ear;
• candidiasis of the skin and nails;
• intestinal candidiasis;
• candidiasis of the genitals;
• ringworm, including athlete's foot skin.

Contraindications pimafutsin is a hypersensitivity to the drug.

Side effects of the treatment pimafutsin

When receiving pimafutsin inside in the first days of the treatment of nausea and loose stools that pass on their own and do not require discontinuation of therapy. For external use, and the use of candles can weakly expressed irritation, burning sensation on the skin and mucous membranes. Alcohol, which is included in the composition of vaginal suppositories may cause allergic reactions.

How to apply pimafutsin

Tablets useful in the treatment of candidiasis bowel one tablet four times a day for seven days.

In the treatment of fungal infections of the ear outer ear canal cleaned, the cream is applied (one to two times per day) and is placed in the ear canal swab How to use sanitary pad - basic precautions   natural material (e.g., cotton, which absorbs liquid).

In the treatment of candidiasis of genitals pimafutsin used in candles (one suppository a day for seven days), during menstruation treatment is discontinued. Sex during treatment is not contraindicated in the treatment of the condition of both partners.

Fungal diseases of the skin and nails used a cream and a suspension that is applied to the skin surface of the skin and nails of one - two times a day.

Pimafucin - quality antifungal drug, which is almost no side effects. He produced a pharmaceutical company for the "Astellas Pharma Europe BV" (Netherlands).