Fibroadenoma - a benign tumor of the breast, which in most cases is a single node. It consists of the glandular and connective tissues. Fibroadenoma most often occurs in young women under the age of thirty years. The dimensions of this education usually do not exceed three centimeters, but there are huge tumor.

Causes

The exact cause of the formation of fibroadenoma is not known but it is believed that it occurs on a background of hormonal imbalance. A benign tumor often begins in adolescence or during menopause, when a woman's body is undergoing significant changes in hormonal status.

Estrogen causes increased proliferation of the glandular tissue. The level of these hormones is highest at puberty Puberty child - stages of a complex path During pregnancy and nursing Breastfeeding - a personal choice   feeding. Hormone replacement therapy Hormone therapy - is it possible to fool nature?   during premenopause and menopause are also sometimes leads to a fibroadenoma.

Signs

In most cases, women find themselves fibroadenoma. This benign has a rounded shape, smooth surface, clear contours and elastic consistency. When the feeling fibroadenoma is painless. Due to the fact that it does not grow together with the surrounding tissues, the tumor is mobile and not soldered to the skin.

More often than fibroadenoma occurs as a single node, but sometimes there are multiple entities that can be felt in both breasts. In some cases, the tumor can be increased in size very rapidly (in two or three months). This is due to severe hormonal changes in a woman's body. For example, during pregnancy there is a rapid growth of fibroadenomas. This tumor is almost never degenerates into cancer.

Leaf-fibroadenoma

Leaf-tumor (fibroadenoma filloidnaya) - a type of benign breast tumors. The name of the fibroadenoma was due to the layered structure on the cut. Leaf-tumor separated from the surrounding tissue, but does not have a capsule. Often it is adherent to the skin and has a tendency to rapid growth. It is also possible biphasic type of growth: in the first phase of the tumor slowly growing in size, and in the second period begins the sudden rapid growth.

In one out of ten cases, the leaf is degenerating fibroadenoma in sarcoma - a malignant tumor of the connective tissue. This type of fibroadenoma occurs in all age groups, but most such tumors detected during two time periods: from eleven to twenty years and forty to fifty years. These periods are most hormonally active.

When needle biopsy revealed abnormal cells. Outwardly, they differ from normal cells, but not yet considered malignant.

Diagnostics

If you find a node in breast woman should seek emergency mammologu. He will survey and inspection of the patient, prescribe the necessary research that will help identify the fibroadenoma.

Generally, the following studies:

• Mammography - X-rays of the breast. On a mammogram rounded shadow visible tumor with clear margins.
• Ultrasonography - more informative method of diagnosis of breast diseases. With it you can identify cysts and distinguish them from fibroadenomas.
• Puncture biopsy of the breast - this research is needed to determine the cellular composition of tumors and to diagnose breast cancer Breast cancer: what every woman needs to know . The pathological formation of needle is inserted, and a syringe with a small amount of tissue is sucked. Then, the resulting material is processed by a special dye and examined under a microscope. The results of this study to find out the nature of the tumor (benign or malignant).
• Histological examination. It is carried out after removal of an abnormal formation of the breast. The final diagnosis is made only on the basis of this method. When fibroadenoma revealed an increased proliferation of epithelial cells, which does not represent a risk in terms of degeneration into a malignant tumor.

Treatment

If the size of the fibroadenoma does not exceed one centimeter, it is possible to dynamically monitor the status of the tumor. It includes periodic ultrasound and mammography. In other cases, the main treatment of this disease is surgery.

Indications for surgery:

• Suspected breast cancer (according to ultrasound, mammography, studies the cellular composition of the tumor or specialist examination);
• Suspected filloidnuyu tumor;
• Rapid growth in the mammary gland assembly;
• Large tumor size (more than five centimeters) and the related cosmetic defect;
• Planned pregnancy.

There are two types of operations that are carried out in the presence of fibroadenomas:

• Enucleation of the tumor. This type of surgical intervention in selected cases where there is no suspicion of breast cancer. This involves husking fibroadenoma of the breast tissue through a small incision. Cosmetic defect from such an operation is absent or minimal.
• Sectoral resection - removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue (usually at a distance of up to three centimeters from the edges of the site). This operation is selected when there is suspicion of a malignant process. Cosmetic defects in this situation may be affected.

During the operation, carried out an urgent histological examination of tumors. This is necessary in order to prevent prostate cancer or sarcoma.

Such surgeries are easily carried by women, and almost no postoperative pain and discomfort. Sutures are removed after about nine days after surgery.

After some time in the breast can form new fibroadenomas, but it happens very rarely. Surgical treatment helps to eliminate both from any tumors, but has no effect on the cause.

This type of cancer develops in the colon - the lower part of the digestive system. As early as possible to detect colon cancer, it is advisable to undergo regular medical examinations.

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of cancer Symptoms of cancer: time to recognize the disease - a guarantee of recovery   Colon:

• The changes of intestinal motility, including diarrhea and constipation, or the change in stool consistency;
• Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool;
• Permanent abdominal discomfort, e.g., cramps, pain or flatulence;
• The feeling that the patient can never completely empty the bowels;
• Weakness or fatigue;
• Weight loss.

In the early stages of colon cancer is rarely produces symptoms. When symptoms appear, they can depend on the size and location of the tumor in the colon.

Causes

In most cases, the cause of colon cancer is not possible. However, there are some contributing factors.

• Precancerous formation in the colon

Colon cancer often begins as a precancerous cell clusters (polyps) in the inner shell of the colon. Some polyps have the shape of mushrooms, while others - flat or grown into the intestinal wall. Removal of polyps before they become cancers, can prevent colon cancer.

• Inherited gene mutations that increase the risk of colon cancer

Some inherited genetic mutations increase the risk of colon cancer, although associated with them only a small number of cancer cases. The presence of these mutations did not make cancer inevitable, but they can significantly increase the risk of developing it.

Familial adenomatous polyposis - is a rare disorder in which the walls of the colon polyps appear thousands. If untreated in people with such a violation after the age of forty years, the likelihood of developing colon cancer increases significantly. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, also known as Lynch syndrome, increases the risk of colon cancer and other cancers. People with this disorder tend to develop colon cancer before the age of fifty years.

Both of these disorders can be detected by genetic testing. If your family history of colon cancer or other cancers, discuss with your doctor the opportunity to undergo such an examination.

Risk factors

Factors that may increase the risk of colon cancer:

• Age. About 90% of patients diagnosed with colon cancer over fifty years. Colon cancer can develop in young people, but this is much less common.
• Inflammatory bowel disease. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Symptoms and Treatment Such as ulcerative colitis Colitis - the danger of colon   and Crohn's disease, may increase the risk of developing colon cancer.
• Colon cancer or colon polyps family history.
• A diet low in fiber and high in fat. Colon cancer may be associated with power characteristics. Research in this area gives mixed results. Some studies have shown that regular consumption of red meat is also associated with an increased risk of developing colon cancer.
• Passive lifestyle.
• Diabetes.
• Obesity. People with obesity are not only more likely to develop cancer of the colon, but more often than people of normal weight to die from it.
• Smoking.
• Alcohol abuse.
• Radiotherapy. People who have ever held radiotherapy Radiotherapy in cancer treatment: irradiation aid Risk of developing colon cancer is higher than the rest.

Diagnostics

If you suspect a cancer of the colon, the following diagnostic methods:

• Blood test;
• Colonoscopy;
• Barium enema - a procedure that allows the doctor to view the entire colon using X-rays. Barium contrast colorant is introduced into the intestine with enemas. It covers the inner membrane of the intestines, allowing to clearly see the silhouette of the rectum, colon, and part of the small intestine;
• Computed tomography.

If colorectal cancer is diagnosed, it is necessary to establish its stage. To do this, use computed tomography or other methods of medical imaging.