Movalis - one of the most effective non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This drug is widely used in the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Movalis available in tablets, suppositories rectal (suppositories), and a solution for intramuscular injection.

Mechanism of action

The active ingredient of the drug is meloxicam, whereby movalis has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effect. Meloxicam reduces the production of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and thus inhibits the formation of prostaglandins - substances which are involved in inflammation.

The drug inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenase slightly-1 (COX-1). This enzyme is responsible for the formation of prostaglandins in the gastric mucosa, where they perform a protective function. Therefore, when taking movalis side effects from the gastrointestinal tract develop much less than when using other NSAIDs.

Due to its selective action movalis hardly reduces the bonding (aggregation) of platelets and prolongs bleeding, as do other drugs of this pharmacological group. Also, unlike some NSAID drug destroys the cartilage, which is very important for patients with diseases of the joints and spine.

When administered movalis well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, food intake does not slow the process. Then it quickly enters the blood and penetrates into the synovial fluid, which is in the joint cavity. In the liver, the drug is almost completely converted into inactive substance. Movalis excreted in urine and feces in the same degree.

Indications for admission

Tablets and suppositories are used for relief of symptoms of the following states:

• Rheumatoid arthritis;
• Osteoarthritis (arthritis and degenerative joint disease);
• Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic disease that affects the joints of the spine).
• Movalis solution for intramuscular injection is appointed under the same conditions, but only at the beginning of treatment and in the short term. Due to the rapid flow of the blood and into the affected tissue preparation effectively reduces pain and inflammation.

Contraindications

Use the drug is contraindicated in:

• increased individual sensitivity to it and other NSAIDs (eg, aspirin);
• gastric ulcer or duodenal ulcer during its acute or shortly thereafter;
• bowel disease in the acute stage (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis);
• severe renal insufficiency Kidney failure - when treatment is vital   and progressive renal disease;
• severe hepatic impairment;
• severe heart failure, which treatment is not carried out or is not effective;
• acute bleeding from the blood vessels of the stomach or intestines;
• recently transferred cerebrovascular bleeding (from the vessels of the brain);
• diseases of the blood coagulation system;
• pregnancy, breast- Breastfeeding - a personal choice   breast milk;
• manifestations of asthma, nasal polyps Polyps in the nose: to remove or not - that is the question , Angioedema or urticaria that developed after taking other NSAIDs in the past;
• elimination of pain after surgery during coronary artery bypass surgery;
• the age of eighteen in the application solution for intramuscular injection;
• the age of twelve years in the application of tablets and suppositories (the exception is juvenile rheumatoid arthritis).

Movalis should be used with caution in patients with diseases of the stomach and intestines in the past, coronary heart disease, diabetes Diabetes - threatening and incurable disease , Diseases of arteries. This group of patients are smokers often drink alcohol and the elderly.

Use of other drugs

Not recommended for use with other NSAIDs. With this combination greatly increases the risk of stomach ulcers and duodenal ulcers, and bleeding from the blood vessels of these bodies. This effect is due to excessive suppression of formation of prostaglandins in the gastric mucosa.

If the drug is taken simultaneously with anticoagulants (drugs that reduce blood clotting) or antiplatelet agents (agents that inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombus formation), it increases the risk of bleeding. These medications include heparin, ticlopidine (tiklid), pentoxifylline (Trental), clopidogrel. The same effect can cause joint reception movalis with antidepressants from the group of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and some types of cancer administered methotrexate - a drug from the group of cytostatics. Admission movalis during treatment with methotrexate amplifies the adverse impact of the latter on the condition of blood. Therefore, while the treatment with these drugs should regularly monitor the number of blood cells by means of laboratory tests.

In hypertensive person constantly receives funds that reduce blood pressure and do not let it rise. These drugs are β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics (diuretics), vasodilators (means expanding vessels). Receiving movalis as any other NSAID, reducing their effectiveness. This is due to the fact that it reduces the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in the vasodilatation.

Also, the drug can affect the action of drugs containing lithium (appointed in psychosis) and drugs used to treat diabetes. Movalis should be used with caution while taking drugs that are used to treat diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Movalis - a reliable tool that can take a long time due to its selective effect on COX-2. Despite its proven safety, before starting treatment should consult a doctor.

Macropen - a broad-spectrum antibiotic macrolide, which exhibit sensitivity to many infectious agents, including intracellular. It is used in the treatment of many infectious and inflammatory diseases.

The mechanism of action macrofoam

Macropen (INN - midecamycin) is produced by the pharmaceutical company KRKA (Slovenia) tablets and oral powder for suspension for children. Preparation relates to macrolide antibiotics, and in high doses kills pathogens (bactericidal action), and small - cancels their life activity (bacteriostatic effect).

The mechanism of action of the drug is that it suppresses the formation of proteins in the cells of microorganisms susceptible to it. To show the sensitivity makropenu many microorganisms that cause infectious-inflammatory diseases in humans. That many types of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus (including penicillinase - enzymes that degrade antibiotics penicillin), diphtheria, bacterial dysentery, salmonellosis Salmonellosis - features of the disease , Gonorrhea, syphilis, some types of E. coli. It is also active against intracellular bacteria - chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma.

If ingestion macrofoams rapidly absorbed in the intestine into the bloodstream and from there to the organs and tissues. Large concentrations are formed in all its internal organs, but especially in the broncho-pulmonary system, skin, parotid and submandibular glands.

Macrofoams breaks in the liver with the formation of metabolic products, has an antibacterial effect, which are excreted mainly in the bile and feces, and a small amount - through the kidneys in urine.

Indications and contraindications for receiving macrofoam

Macropen prescribed for the following infectious and inflammatory diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to it:

• bronchopulmonary system - bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy;
• upper respiratory tract and upper respiratory tract - tonsillitis, acute exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis, inflammation of the pharynx, larynx, middle ear and paranasal sinuses;
• kidney and urinary tract - pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis;
• genitals - inflammation of the external and internal genital organs, including infections, sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhea, syphilis), as well as caused by intracellular microorganisms (chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis);
• digestive organs - acute intestinal infections Acute intestinal infections - the most common disease in the autumn and summer   (bacillary dysentery, salmonellosis);
• infected wounds, burns, infectious and inflammatory diseases of soft tissues (such as erysipelas);
• Some infectious diseases - scarlet fever, Legionnaires' disease, brucellosis, whooping cough, diphtheria.

Admission macrofoam contraindicated:

• in case of hypersensitivity to the drug;
• with severe kidney and liver function of their violation;
• Pregnancy and lactation Breast-feeding: feed - and no nails! .

Side effects that can occur when taking an overdose and macrofoam

When receiving macrofoam may experience the following side effects:

• on the part of the gastrointestinal tract - a violation of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, discomfort and pain in the upper abdomen, weakness, stomatitis, transient abnormal liver function, abdominal distension (flatulence), irritation of the intestinal mucosa;
• allergies - itchy skin rash, including in the form of hives;
• long-term use may be a significant breeding macrofoam insensitive to it microorganisms and the development of superinfection.

In overdose macrofoam all side effects may be increased in patients with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain Abdominal pain: Types and Symptoms , Weakness, perhaps - abnormal liver function. It is recommended to wash the stomach to take a few tablets of activated charcoal and call an ambulance.

Macropen is not compatible with some other drugs. It should not be taken with the ergot preparations and carbamazepine have been macrofoams reduces degradation of these drugs in the liver in the liver and can cause them to overdose. It slows down the body under the influence of macrofoam as cyclosporine and warfarin.

Chronic administration macrofoam recommended to check liver function, since the drug is not able to provide her little toxic effects.

Macropen - is an effective broad-spectrum antibiotic primarily for outpatient treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases.

Galina Romanenko